Your cart

NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine)

Source

Pure Series

Chemical Name

Acetyl Cysteine

Immune support

NAC is important in metabolism of glutathione (GSH), the body’s primary cellular antioxidant. It also works with vitamin C to enhance the immune system. NAC also thins the mucus, improving smoker’s cough, COPD, bronchitis, and upper respiratory infections.


In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, N-acetyl cysteine appears to improve disease activity by blocking mTOR in T lymphocytes. N-acetyl cysteine increased the number of CD4+ cells in patients with suboptimal glutathione levels. In cells isolated from healthy adults and HIV patients, N-acetyl cysteine enhanced the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of neutrophils and mononuclear cells and partially reversed the antineoplastic drug 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)-induced inhibition of neutrophils. After N-acetyl cysteine treatment of humans, there was an improvement in neutrophil phagocytic capacity, although random or chemotactic migration was not affected. Treatment with N-acetyl cysteine immunoenhanced CD4+ T cells isolated from 30 HIV+ and matching controls. Mitogenesis was also enhanced in both groups approximately twofold. IL-2 production with activators anti-CD3, PMA, or anti-CD28 was enhanced two- to threefold for both groups. Treatment with N-acetyl cysteine, however, suppressed IL-4 production by activators anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, also in both groups. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effects of glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetyl cysteine on the induction of HIV expression in the chronically infected monocytic U1cell line. N-acetyl cysteine suppressed reverse transcriptase activity >90%. Longer incubation periods produced greater suppression of reverse transcriptase. N-acetyl cysteine also inhibited the induction of HIV protein synthesis. Other in vitro research showed that N-acetyl cysteine inhibited TNF-alpha-stimulated HIV replication as well as cytokine-enhanced HIV long-terminal repeat-directed expression of beta-galactosidase. In vitro, N-acetyl cysteine suppressed human immunodeficiency virus in persistently infected cells.

Other uses

In a hospital setting, it is used in the intravenous and oral form to protect and restore the body before and after it has been exposed to certain chemicals, including radioactive dyes used to illuminate parts of the body during an MRI, and in the case of acetaminophen overdose. It’s also used sometimes to help cancer patients overcome the adverse events that may be associated with isoffamide and cyclophosphamide.

Chest pain (angina). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth or injecting it intravenously (by IV) seems to improve chest pain when used with the drug nitroglycerin. Intravenous N-acetyl cysteine seems to help prevent nitroglycerin tolerance. Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth might also help prevent nitroglycerin tolerance, but results are conflicting.
Autism. Some research shows that taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth improves irritability in children and adolescents with autism. But N-acetyl cysteine doesn't seem to improve other autism symptoms such as hyperactivity, social withdrawal, lethargy, repetitive behaviors, and inappropriate speech.

Swelling (inflammation) of the main airways in the lung (bronchitis). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to reduce shortness of breath and coughing in people with air passage swelling due to mustard gas exposure. Also, taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth for 3-6 months seems to prevent flare-ups in people with persistent air passage swelling. However, taking it for less time does not seem to be effective.

A lung disease that makes it harder to breathe (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to decrease flare-ups by about 40% and improve sputum (phlegm) consistency in people with moderate to severe COPD. It seems to work best in people who are not already taking corticosteroids. However, it might increase the risk of blockage of the breathing tube.

Kidney damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy). Research shows that taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth, with or without other drugs, helps prevent kidney problems caused by dyes used during some X-ray exams in people with poor kidney function It does not seem to lower the risk of kidney problems caused by dyes used during X-ray exams in people with normal kidney function or people with diabetes.

Serious kidney disease (end-stage renal disease or ESRD). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to help prevent problems, such as heart attack and stroke, in people with serious kidney disease. The risk reduction can be as much as 40%. However, N-acetyl cysteine doesn't reduce the overall risk of death or the risk of death from heart disease in these people.
Seizure disorder (epilepsy). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to help treat a certain type of epilepsy seizure.
High levels of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to reduce homocysteine levels, a possible risk factor for heart disease.

High levels of cholesterol or other fats (lipids) in the blood (hyperlipidemia). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to reduce levels of a blood fat called lipoprotein(a) in people with high levels of this blood fat.
Toxicity in people taking the cancer drug ifosfamide (Ifex). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to help prevent side effects of ifosfamide (Ifex). This drug is used for certain types of cancer. But the drug mesna (Mesnex) seems to work better than N-acetyl cysteine.

Flu (influenza). Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to reduce flu symptoms.
Heart attack. Giving N-acetyl cysteine intravenously (by IV) along with the drug nitroglycerin seems to help maintain heart function and reduces heart damage in people having a heart attack. Sometimes the drug streptokinase is also used along with N-acetyl cysteine and nitroglycerin.

How it works

N-acetyl cysteine treats acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning by binding the poisonous forms of acetaminophen that are formed in the liver. It is also an antioxidant, so it may play a role in preventing cancer. 

Safety

When taken by mouth: N-acetyl cysteine is LIKELY SAFE for most adults. It can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea or constipation. Rarely, it can cause rashes, fever, headache, drowsiness, low blood pressure, and liver problems. N-acetyl cysteine has an unpleasant odor that may make it hard to take.


When given by IV: N-acetyl cysteine is LIKELY SAFE for most adults, when given by IV as a prescription medication. Rarely, it can cause rashes, fever, headache, drowsiness, low blood pressure, and liver problems.

When inhaled: N-acetyl cysteine is LIKELY SAFE for most adults, when used as a prescription medication. When inhaled (breathed into the lungs), it can also cause swelling in the mouth, runny nose, drowsiness, clamminess, and chest tightness.


Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy or breast-feeding: N-acetyl cysteine is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth, delivered through a hole in the windpipe, or inhaled by women who are pregnant. N-acetyl cysteine crosses the placenta, but there is no evidence that it harms the unborn child or mother. But N-acetyl cysteine should only be used in pregnant women when medically needed.

There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking N-acetyl cysteine if you are breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.


Allergy: Don't use N-acetyl cysteine if you are allergic to acetyl cysteine.

Asthma: There is a concern that N-acetyl cysteine might cause bronchospasm in people with asthma if inhaled or taken by mouth or through a tube in the windpipe. If you take N-acetyl cysteine and have asthma, you should be monitored by your healthcare provider.


Bleeding disorder. N-acetyl cysteine might slow blood clotting. There is concern that N-acetyl cysteine might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding in people with bleeding disorders.


Surgery. N-acetyl cysteine might slow blood clotting. This might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop taking N-acetyl cysteine at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Interactions with medications

Activated charcoal

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.


Activated charcoal is sometimes used to prevent poisoning in people who take too much acetaminophen and other medications. Activated charcoal can bind up these medications in the stomach and prevent them from being absorbed by the body. Taking N-acetyl cysteine at the same time as activated charcoal might decrease how well it works for preventing poisoning.


Chloroquine (Aralen)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.


Chloroquine (Aralen) is a drug used to treat malaria. It kills malaria by causing a chemical called heme to build up inside of cells. N-acetyl cysteine might prevent the build-up of heme inside of cells. This might reduce the effects of chloroquine.

Medications for high blood pressure (ACE inhibitors)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.


Talk to your health provider.

N-acetyl cysteine might decrease blood pressure. Taking N-acetyl cysteine along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.


Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), ramipril (Altace), and others.


Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.


Talk to your health provider.

N-acetyl cysteine might decrease blood pressure. Taking N-acetyl cysteine along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.


Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.


Talk to your health provider.

N-acetyl cysteine might slow blood clotting. Taking N-acetyl cysteine along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.


Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.


Nitroglycerin

Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination.

Nitroglycerin can dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow. Taking N-acetyl cysteine seems to increase the effects of nitroglycerin. This could cause increased chance of side effects including headache, dizziness, and lightheadedness.

Interactions with Herbs, Supplements, and Foods

Herbs and supplements that might lower blood pressure

N-acetyl cysteine might lower blood pressure. Using it along with other herbs or supplements that might lower blood pressure could lead to blood pressure that is too low. Some of these products include andrographis, casein peptides, cat's claw, coenzyme Q-10, fish oil, L-arginine, lycium, stinging nettle, theanine, and others.


Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting

N-acetyl cysteine might slow blood clotting. Taking N-acetyl cysteine along with herbs and supplements that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Some of these herbs include angelica, clove, danshen, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and Panax ginseng.


There are no known interactions with foods.

References

Monographs on the medicinal uses of plant drugs. Exeter, UK: European Scientific Co-op Phytother, 1997.

Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.

Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1994.

Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.

Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.

Ellenhorn MJ, et al. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnoses and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.

Murch SJ, Simmons CB, Saxena PK. Melatonin in feverfew and other medicinal plants. Lancet 1997;350:1598-9.

Norton EW. A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1460.

Young DS. Effects of Drugs on Clinical Laboratory Tests 4th ed. Washington: AACC Press, 1995.

Ghio S, de Servi S, Perotti R, et al. Different susceptibility to the development of nitroglycerin tolerance in the arterial and venous circulation in humans- effects of N-acetylcysteine administration. Circulation 1992;86:798-802.

Jepsen S, Hansen AB. The influence of N-acetylcysteine on the measurement of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in healthy subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994;54:543-7.

De Rosa SC, Zaretsky MD, Dubs JG, et al. N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest 2000;30:915-29.

van Zandwijk N. N-acetylcysteine for lung cancer prevention. Chest 1995;107:1437-41.

van Zandwijk N, Dalesio O, Pastorino U, et al. EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and neck cancer or lung cancer. For the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck and Lung Cancer Cooperative Groups. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:977-86.

Horowitz RS, Dart RC, Jarvie DR, et al. Placental transfer of N-acetylcysteine following human maternal acetaminophen toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997;35:447-51.

Bailey B, McGuigan MA. Management of anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31:710-5.

Holt S, Goodier D, Marley R, et al. Improvement in renal function in hepatorenal syndrome with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 1999;353:294-5.

Spiller HA, Krenzelok EP, Grande GA, et al. A prospective evaluation of the effect of activated charcoal before oral N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:519-23.

Kelly GS. Clinical applications of N-acetylcysteine. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:114-27.

Chyka PA, Butler AY, Holliman BJ, Herman MI. Utility of acetylcysteine in treating poisonings and adverse drug reactions. Drug Saf 2000;22:123-48.

Gillissen A, Nowak D. Characterization of N-acetylcysteine and ambroxol in anti-oxidant therapy. Respir Med 1998;92:609-23.

Marchetti G, Lodola E, Licciardello L, Colombo A. Use of N-acetylcysteine in the management of coronary artery diseases. Cardiologia 1999;44:633-7.

Morini M, Cai T, Aluigi MG, et al. The role of the thiol N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Int J Biol Markers 1999;14:268-71.

Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Savonitto S, et al. Effect of transdermal nitroglycerin or N-acetylcysteine, or both, in the long-term treatment of unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:941-7.

Horowitz JD, Henry CA, Syrjanen ML, et al. Nitroglycerine/N-acetylcysteine in the management of unstable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 1988;9:95-100.

Unverferth DV, Jagadeesh JM, Unverferth Bj, et al. Attempt to prevent doxorubicin-induced acute human myocardial morphologic damage with acetylcysteine. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:917-20.

Dresdale AR, Barr LH, Bonow RO, et al. Prospective randomized study of the role of N-acetyl cysteine in reversing doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Am J Clin Oncol 1982;5:657-63.

Louwerse ES, Weverling GJ, Bossuyt PM, et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of acetylcysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1995;52:559-64.

Wiklund O, Fager G, Andersson A, et al. N-acetylcysteine treatment lowers plasma homocysteine but not serum lipoprotein(a) levels. Atherosclerosis 1996;119:99-106.

Kroon AA, Demacker PN, Stalenhoef AF. N-acetylcysteine and serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a). J Intern Med 1991;230:519-26.

Bostom AG, Shemin D, Yoburn D, et al. Lack of effect of oral N-acetylcysteine on the acute dialysis-related lowering of total plasma homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. Atherosclerosis 1996;120:241-4.

Hurd RW, Wilder BJ, Helveston WR, et al. Treatment of four siblings with progressive myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundborg type with N-acetylcysteine. Neurology 1996;47:1264-8.

De Flora S, Grassi C, Carati L. Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1535-41.

Iversen HK. N-acetylcysteine enhances nitroglycerin-induced headache and cranial arterial responses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;52:125-33.

Hogan JC, Lewis MJ, Henderson AH. N-acetylcysteine fails to attenuate haemodynamic tolerance to glyceryl trinitrate in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;28:421-6.

Hogan JC, Lewis MJ, Henderson AH. Chronic administration of N-acetylcysteine fails to prevent nitrate tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:573-7.

Redondo P, Bauza A. Topical N-acetylcysteine for lamellar ichthyosis. Lancet 1999;354:1880.

Sekharam M, Trotti A, Cunnick JM, Wu J. Suppression of fibroblast cell cycle progression in G1 phase by N-acetylcysteine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998;149:210-6.

Vadoud-Seyedi J, de Dobbeleer G, Simonart T. Treatment of haemodialysis-associated pseudoporphyria with N-acetylcysteine: report of two cases. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:580-1.

Holoye PY, Duelge J, Hansen RM, et al. Prophylaxis of Ifosamide toxicity with oral acetylcysteine. Semin Oncol 1983;10:66-71.

Grandjean EM, Berthet P, Ruffmann R, Leuenberger P. Efficacy of oral long-term N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of published double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ther 2000;22:209-21.

Tepel M, van der Giet M, Schwarzfeld C, et al. Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med 2000;343:180-4.

Behr J, Maier K, Degenkolb B, et al. Antioxidative and clinical effects of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in fibrosing alveolitis. Adjunctive therapy to maintenance immunosuppression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1897-901.

Tenenbein PK, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. Interaction between N-acetylcysteine and activated charcoal: implications for the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:1331-6.

Adair JC, Knoefel JE, Morgan N. Controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine for patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001;57:1515-7.

Molnar Z, Shearer E, Lowe D. N-Acetylcysteine treatment to prevent the progression of multisystem organ failure: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1100-4.

Arstall MA, Yang J, Stafford I, et al. N-acetylcysteine in combination with nitroglycerin and streptokinase for the treatment of evolving acute myocardial infarction. Safety and biochemical effects. Circulation 1995;92:2855-62.

Estensen RD, Levy M, Klopp SJ, et al. N-acetylcysteine suppression of the proliferative index in the colon of patients with previous adenomatous colonic polyps. Cancer Lett 1999;147:109-14.

Weinbroum AA, Rudick V, Ben-Abraham R, Karchevski E. N-acetyl-L-cysteine for preventing lung reperfusion injury after liver ischemia-reperfusion: a possible dual protective mechanism in a dose-response study. Transplantation 2000;69:853-9.

Morgan LR, Holdiness MR, Gillen LE. N-acetylcysteine: its bioavailability and interaction with ifosfamide metabolites. Semin Oncol 1983;10:56-61.

Morgan LR, Donley PJ, Harrison EF, Hunter HL. The control of ifosfamide-induced hematuria with N-acetylcysteine in patients with advanced carcinoma of the lung. Semin Oncol 1982;9:71-4.

Loehrer PJ Sr, Birch R, Kramer BS, et al. Ifosfamide plus N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of small cell and non-small cell carcinoma of the lung: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group Trial. Cancer Treat Rep 1986;70:919-20.

Loehrer PJ, Williams SD, Einhorn LH. N-acetylcysteine and ifosfamide in the treatment of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma and refractory testicular cancer. Semin Oncol 1983;10:72-5.

Anfossi G, Russo I, Massucco P, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine exerts direct anti-aggregating effect on human platelets. Eur J Clin Invest 2001;31:452-61..

Shyu KG, Cheng JJ, Kuan P. Acetylcysteine protects against acute renal damage in patients with abnormal renal function undergoing a coronary procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1383-8..

Pela R, Calcagni AM, Subiaco S, et al. N-acetylcysteine reduces the exacerbation rate in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respiration 1999;66:495-500..

Tepel M, van der Giet M, Statz M, et al. The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2003;107:992-5..

Munshi NC, Loehrer PJ Sr, Williams SD, et al. Comparison of N-acetylcysteine and mesna as uroprotectors with ifosfamide combination chemotherapy in refractory germ cell tumors. Invest New Drugs 1992;10:159-163..

Oldemeyer JB, Biddle WP, Wurdeman RL, et al. Acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography. Am Heart J 2003;146:E23. .

Kopke RD, Jackson RL, Coleman JKM, et al. NAC for noise: From the bench top to the clinic. Hear Res 2007;226:114-25.

Lorito G, Giordano P, Prosser S, et al. Noise-induced hearing loss: a study on the pharmacological protection in the Sprague Dawley rat with N-acetyl-cysteine. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2006;26:133-9.

Dickey DT, Muldoon LL, Kraemer DF, Neuwelt EA. Protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by N-acetylcysteine in a rat model. Hear Res 2004;193:25-30.

Duan M, Qiu J, Laurell G, et al, Dose and time-dependent protection of the antioxidant N-L-acetycysteine against impulse noise trauma. Hear Res 2004;192:1-9.

Kopke RD, Weisskopf PA, Boone JL, et al. Reduction of noise-induced hearing loss using L-NAC and salicylate in the chinchilla. Hear Res 2000;149:138-146.

Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW. N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:756-63.

Tam J, Nash EF, Ratjen F, et al. Nebulized and oral thiol derivatives for pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD007168.

Ekins BR, Ford DC, Thompson MI, et al. The effect of activated charcoal on N-acetylcysteine absorption in normal subjects. Am J Emerg Med. 1987;5(6):483-7.

Chamberlain JM, Gorman RL, Oderda GM, Klein-Schwartz W, Klein BL. Use of activated charcoal in a simulated poisoning with acetaminophen: a new loading dose for N-acetylcysteine? Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22(9):1398-402.

Renzi FP, Donovan JW, Martin TG, Morgan L, Harrison EF. Concomitant use of activated charcoal and N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14(6):568-72.

North DS, Peterson RG, Krenzelok EP. Effect of activated charcoal administration on acetylcysteine serum levels in humans. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981;38(7):1022-4.

Loscalzo J. N-Acetylcysteine potentiates inhibition of platelet aggregation by nitroglycerin. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(2):703-8.

Williamson J, Davidson DF, Boag DE. Contamination of a specimen with N-acetyl cysteine infusion: a cause of spurious ketonaemia and hyperglycaemia. Ann Clin Biochem. 1989;26 ( Pt 2):207.

Ruiz FJ, Salom MG, Inglés AC, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine potentiates depressor response to captopril and enalaprilat in SHRs. Am J Physiol. 1994;267(3 Pt 2):R767-72.

Deharo E, Barkan D, Krugliak M, Golenser J, Ginsburg H. Potentiation of the antimalarial action of chloroquine in rodent malaria by drugs known to reduce cellular glutathione levels. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003;66(5):809-17.

Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Ratnaike S, et al. N-Acetylcysteine does not artifactually lower plasma creatinine concentration. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(5):1581-7.

McCormick, R. K. Osteoporosis: integrating biomarkers and other diagnostic correlates into the management of bone fragility. Altern.Med Rev. 2007;12(2):113-145.

Minder, E. I., Schneider-Yin, X., Steurer, J., and Bachmann, L. M. A systematic review of treatment options for dermal photosensitivity in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Cell Mol.Biol.(Noisy.-le-grand) 2009;55(1):84-97.

Banner, W., Jr., Koch, M., Capin, D. M., Hopf, S. B., Chang, S., and Tong, T. G. Experimental chelation therapy in chromium, lead, and boron intoxication with N-acetylcysteine and other compounds. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol 3-30-1986;83(1):142-147.

van Dalen, E. C., Caron, H. N., Dickinson, H. O., and Kremer, L. C. Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(2):CD003917.

Block, K. I., Koch, A. C., Mead, M. N., Tothy, P. K., Newman, R. A., and Gyllenhaal, C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic toxicity: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Int.J Cancer 9-15-2008;123(6):1227-1239.

Chan, A., Paskavitz, J., Remington, R., Rasmussen, S., and Shea, T. B. Efficacy of a vitamin/nutriceutical formulation for early-stage Alzheimer's disease: a 1-year, open-label pilot study with an 16-month caregiver extension. Am.J Alzheimers.Dis Other Demen. 12-20-2008;23(6):571-585.

Remington, R., Chan, A., Paskavitz, J., and Shea, T. B. Efficacy of a vitamin/nutriceutical formulation for moderate-stage to later-stage Alzheimer's disease: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Am.J Alzheimers.Dis Other Demen. 2009;24(1):27-33.

Stewart, S., Prince, M., Bassendine, M., Hudson, M., James, O., Jones, D., Record, C., and Day, C. P. A randomized trial of antioxidant therapy alone or with corticosteroids in acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2007;47(2):277-283.

Duijvestijn, Y. C. and Brand, P. L. Systematic review of N-acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88(1):38-41.

Tariq, M., Morais, C., Sobki, S., Al, Sulaiman M., and Al, Khader A. N-acetylcysteine attenuates cyclosporin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 1999;14(4):923-929.

Miyajima, A., Nakashima, J., Tachibana, M., Nakamura, K., Hayakawa, M., and Murai, M. N-acetylcysteine modifies cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum-induced effects in bladder cancer cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999;90(5):565-570.

Jiang, B., Haverty, M., and Brecher, P. N-acetyl-L-cysteine enhances interleukin-1beta-induced nitric oxide synthase expression. Hypertension 1999;34(4 Pt 1):574-579.

Ventura, P., Panini, R., Pasini, M. C., Scarpetta, G., and Salvioli, G. N -Acetyl-cysteine reduces homocysteine plasma levels after single intravenous administration by increasing thiols urinary excretion. Pharmacol.Res. 1999;40(4):345-350.

Buckley, N. A., Whyte, I. M., O'Connell, D. L., and Dawson, A. H. Activated charcoal reduces the need for N-acetylcysteine treatment after acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose. J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(6):753-757.

Buckley, N. A., Whyte, I. M., O'Connell, D. L., and Dawson, A. H. Oral or intravenous N-acetylcysteine: which is the treatment of choice for acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoning? J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(6):759-767.

Woo, O. F., Mueller, P. D., Olson, K. R., Anderson, I. B., and Kim, S. Y. Shorter duration of oral N-acetylcysteine therapy for acute acetaminophen overdose. Ann Emerg.Med 2000;35(4):363-368.

Redondo, P., Bandres, E., Solano, T., Okroujnov, I., and Garcia-Foncillas, J. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and melanoma. N-acetylcysteine downregulates VEGF production in vitro. Cytokine 2000;12(4):374-378.

Flescher, E. and Fingrut, O. Suppression of interleukin 2 biosynthesis by three modes of oxidative cellular stress: selective prevention by N-acetyl cysteine. Cytokine 2000;12(5):495-498.

Grant, P. R., Black, A., Garcia, N., Prieto, J., and Garson, J. A. Combination therapy with interferon-alpha plus N-acetyl cysteine for chronic hepatitis C: a placebo controlled double-blind multicentre study. J.Med.Virol. 2000;61(4):439-442.

Stey, C., Steurer, J., Bachmann, S., Medici, T. C., and Tramer, M. R. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: a quantitative systematic review. Eur.Respir.J 2000;16(2):253-262.

De Rosa, S. C., Zaretsky, M. D., Dubs, J. G., Roederer, M., Anderson, M., Green, A., Mitra, D., Watanabe, N., Nakamura, H., Tjioe, I., Deresinski, S. C., Moore, W. A., Ela, S. W., Parks, D., Herzenberg, L. A., and Herzenberg, L. A. N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur.J Clin Invest 2000;30(10):915-929.

D'Agostini, F., Balansky, R. M., Camoirano, A., and De, Flora S. Interactions between N-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid in modulating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 12-1-2000;88(5):702-707.

Weinbroum, A. A., Kluger, Y., Ben, Abraham R., Shapira, I., Karchevski, E., and Rudick, V. Lung preconditioning with N-acetyl-L-cysteine prevents reperfusion injury after liver no flow-reflow: a dose-response study. Transplantation 1-27-2001;71(2):300-306.

Neri, S., Ierna, D., Antoci, S., Campanile, E., D'Amico, R. A., and Noto, R. Association of alpha-interferon and acetyl cysteine in patients with chronic C hepatitis. Panminerva Med 2000;42(3):187-192.

Kusano, C., Takao, S., Noma, H., Yoh, H., Aikou, T., Okumura, H., Akiyama, S., Kawamura, M., Makino, M., and Baba, M. N-acetyl cysteine inhibits cell cycle progression in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Hum.Cell 2000;13(4):213-220.

Tolley, D. A. and Castro, J. E. Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis of the urinary bladder of rats and its treatment. Proc R.Soc Med 1975;68(3):169-170.

Tandon, S. K., Prasad, S., and Singh, S. Chelation in metal intoxication: influence of cysteine or N-acetyl cysteine on the efficacy of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate in the treatment of cadmium toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2002;22(1):67-71.

Diaz-Sandoval, L. J., Kosowsky, B. D., and Losordo, D. W. Acetylcysteine to prevent angiography-related renal tissue injury (the APART trial). Am J Cardiol. 2-1-2002;89(3):356-358.

Van Schooten, F. J., Nia, A. B., De Flora, S., D'Agostini, F., Izzotti, A., Camoirano, A., Balm, A. J., Dallinga, J. W., Bast, A., Haenen, G. R., Van't Veer, L., Baas, P., Sakai, H., and van Zandwijk, N. Effects of oral administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine: a multi- biomarker study in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(2):167-175.

Tozawa, K., Okamoto, T., Hayashi, Y., Sasaki, S., Kawai, N., and Kohri, K. N-acetyl-L-cysteine enhances chemotherapeutic effect on prostate cancer cells. Urol.Res 2002;30(1):53-58.

Pajonk, F., Riess, K., Sommer, A., and McBride, W. H. N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibits 26S proteasome function: implications for effects on NF-kappaB activation. Free Radic.Biol Med 3-15-2002;32(6):536-543.

Fulghesu, A. M., Ciampelli, M., Muzj, G., Belosi, C., Selvaggi, L., Ayala, G. F., and Lanzone, A. N-acetyl-cysteine treatment improves insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil.Steril. 2002;77(6):1128-1135.

Wijnen, M. H., Roumen, R. M., Vader, H. L., and Goris, R. J. A multiantioxidant supplementation reduces damage from ischaemia reperfusion in patients after lower torso ischaemia. A randomised trial. Eur.J Vasc.Endovasc.Surg 2002;23(6):486-490.

Briguori, C., Manganelli, F., Scarpato, P., Elia, P. P., Golia, B., Riviezzo, G., Lepore, S., Librera, M., Villari, B., Colombo, A., and Ricciardelli, B. Acetylcysteine and contrast agent-associated nephrotoxicity. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 7-17-2002;40(2):298-303.

Allaqaband, S., Tumuluri, R., Malik, A. M., Gupta, A., Volkert, P., Shalev, Y., and Bajwa, T. K. Prospective randomized study of N-acetylcysteine, fenoldopam, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Catheter.Cardiovasc.Interv. 2002;57(3):279-283.

Durham, J. D., Caputo, C., Dokko, J., Zaharakis, T., Pahlavan, M., Keltz, J., Dutka, P., Marzo, K., Maesaka, J. K., and Fishbane, S. A randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast nephropathy in cardiac angiography. Kidney Int 2002;62(6):2202-2207.

Vallero, A., Cesano, G., Pozzato, M., Garbo, R., Minelli, M., Quarello, F., and Formica, M. [Contrast nephropathy in cardiac procedures: no advantages with prophylactic use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)]. G.Ital.Nefrol. 2002;19(5):529-533.

Kay, J., Chow, W. H., Chan, T. M., Lo, S. K., Kwok, O. H., Yip, A., Fan, K., Lee, C. H., and Lam, W. F. Acetylcysteine for prevention of acute deterioration of renal function following elective coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2-5-2003;289(5):553-558.

Lappas, M., Permezel, M., and Rice, G. E. N-Acetyl-cysteine inhibits phospholipid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokine release, protease activity, and nuclear factor-kappaB deoxyribonucleic acid-binding activity in human fetal membranes in vitro. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2003;88(4):1723-1729.

Molnar, Z., Szakmany, T., and Koszegi, T. Prophylactic N-acetylcysteine decreases serum CRP but not PCT levels and microalbuminuria following major abdominal surgery. A prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2003;29(5):749-755.

Baker, C. S., Wragg, A., Kumar, S., De, Palma R., Baker, L. R., and Knight, C. J. A rapid protocol for the prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the RAPPID study. J Am.Coll.Cardiol. 6-18-2003;41(12):2114-2118.

Alsalim, W. and Fadel, M. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Oral methionine compared with intravenous n-acetyl cysteine for paracetamol overdose. Emerg.Med.J. 2003;20(4):366-367.

Kinter, A. L., Poli, G., and Fauci, A. S. N-acetyl-cysteine is a potent suppressor of human immunodeficiency virus transcription in persistently infected cells. Trans.Assoc.Am.Physicians 1992;105:36-43.

Ballke, E. H., Wiersbitzky, S., Mahner, B., and Konig, A. The effect of N-acetyl-cysteine (Mucosolvin) on the transmural potential difference of the mucosa in children. Padiatr.Grenzgeb. 1992;31(2):97-101.

Bijlmer-Iest, J. C., Baart, de la Faille, van Asbeck, B. S., van, Hattum J., van, Weelden H., Marx, J. J., and Koningsberger, J. C. Protoporphyrin photosensitivity cannot be attenuated by oral N-acetylcysteine. Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed. 1992;9(6):245-249.

Sunman, W., Hughes, A. D., and Sever, P. S. Anaphylactoid response to intravenous acetylcysteine. Lancet 5-16-1992;339(8803):1231-1232.

Reynard, K., Riley, A., and Walker, B. E. Respiratory arrest after N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose. Lancet 9-12-1992;340(8820):675.

REAS, H. W. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the viscosity of tracheobronchial secretions in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. J Pediatr 1963;62:31-35.

WEBB, W. R. Clinical evaluaton of a new mucolytic agent, acetyl-cysteine. J Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg 1962;44:330-343.

de, Quay B., Malinverni, R., and Lauterburg, B. H. Glutathione depletion in HIV-infected patients: role of cysteine deficiency and effect of oral N-acetylcysteine. AIDS 1992;6(8):815-819.

Sheffner, A. L., Medler, E. M., JACOBS, L. W., and Sarett, H. P. THE IN VITRO REDUCTION IN VISCOSITY OF HUMAN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL SECRETIONS BY ACETYLCYSTEINE. Am Rev.Respir.Dis. 1964;90:721-729.

BERNSTEIN, I. L. and AUSDENMOORE, R. W. IATROGENIC BRONCHOSPASM OCCURRING DURING CLINICAL TRIALS OF A NEW MUCOLYTIC AGENT, ACETYLCYSTEINE. Dis.Chest 1964;46:469-473.

REAS, H. W. THE USE OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE IN THE TREATMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS. J Pediatr 1964;65:542-557.

STAMM, S. J. and DOCTER, J. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ACETYLCYSTEINE AS A MUCOLYTIC AGENT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS. Dis.Chest 1965;47:414-420.

MacNeill, B. D., Harding, S. A., Bazari, H., Patton, K. K., Colon-Hernadez, P., DeJoseph, D., and Jang, I. K. Prophylaxis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Catheter.Cardiovasc.Interv. 2003;60(4):458-461.

Efrati, S., Dishy, V., Averbukh, M., Blatt, A., Krakover, R., Weisgarten, J., Morrow, J. D., Stein, M. C., and Golik, A. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on renal function, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress after angiography. Kidney Int 2003;64(6):2182-2187.

Ahola, T., Lapatto, R., Raivio, K. O., Selander, B., Stigson, L., Jonsson, B., Jonsbo, F., Esberg, G., Stovring, S., Kjartansson, S., Stiris, T., Lossius, K., Virkola, K., and Fellman, V. N-acetylcysteine does not prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in immature infants: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2003;143(6):713-719.

Tossios, P., Bloch, W., Huebner, A., Raji, M. R., Dodos, F., Klass, O., Suedkamp, M., Kasper, S. M., Hellmich, M., and Mehlhorn, U. N-acetylcysteine prevents reactive oxygen species-mediated myocardial stress in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg 2003;126(5):1513-1520.

Gunduz, H., Karabay, O., Tamer, A., Ozaras, R., Mert, A., and Tabak, O. F. N-acetyl cysteine therapy in acute viral hepatitis. World J.Gastroenterol. 2003;9(12):2698-2700.

Kefer, J. M., Hanet, C. E., Boitte, S., Wilmotte, L., and De, Kock M. Acetylcysteine, coronary procedure and prevention of contrast-induced worsening of renal function: which benefit for which patient? Acta Cardiol. 2003;58(6):555-560.

Eren, N., Cakir, O., Oruc, A., Kaya, Z., and Erdinc, L. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on pulmonary function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 2003;18(6):345-350.

Kleinveld, H. A., Demacker, P. N., and Stalenhoef, A. F. Failure of N-acetylcysteine to reduce low-density lipoprotein oxidizability in healthy subjects. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43(6):639-642.

Goldenberg, I., Shechter, M., Matetzky, S., Jonas, M., Adam, M., Pres, H., Elian, D., Agranat, O., Schwammenthal, E., and Guetta, V. Oral acetylcysteine as an adjunct to saline hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography. A randomized controlled trial and review of the current literature. Eur.Heart J 2004;25(3):212-218.

Sucu, N., Cinel, I., Unlu, A., Aytacoglu, B., Tamer, L., Kocak, Z., Karaca, K., Gul, A., Dikmengil, M., Atik, U., and Oral, U. N-acetylcysteine for preventing pump-induced oxidoinflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass. Surg Today 2004;34(3):237-242.

Majano, P. L., Medina, J., Zubia, I., Sunyer, L., Lara-Pezzi, E., Maldonado-Rodriguez, A., Lopez-Cabrera, M., and Moreno-Otero, R. N-Acetyl-cysteine modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in human hepatocytes. J.Hepatol. 2004;40(4):632-637.

Agarwal, A., Munoz-Najar, U., Klueh, U., Shih, S. C., and Claffey, K. P. N-acetyl-cysteine promotes angiostatin production and vascular collapse in an orthotopic model of breast cancer. Am.J.Pathol. 2004;164(5):1683-1696.

Fung, J. W., Szeto, C. C., Chan, W. W., Kum, L. C., Chan, A. K., Wong, J. T., Wu, E. B., Yip, G. W., Chan, J. Y., Yu, C. M., Woo, K. S., and Sanderson, J. E. Effect of N-acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast nephropathy in patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency: a randomized trial. Am.J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(5):801-808.

Kilic-Okman, T. and Kucuk, M. N-acetyl-cysteine treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2004;85(3):296-297.

Ochoa, A., Pellizzon, G., Addala, S., Grines, C., Isayenko, Y., Boura, J., Rempinski, D., O'Neill, W., and Kahn, J. Abbreviated dosing of N-acetylcysteine prevents contrast-induced nephropathy after elective and urgent coronary angiography and intervention. J Interv.Cardiol. 2004;17(3):159-165.

El, Mahmoud R., Le, Feuvre C., Le Quan Sang, K. H., Helft, G., Beygui, F., Batisse, J. P., and Metzger, J. P. [Absence of nephro-protective effect of acetylcysteine in patients with chronic renal failure investigated by coronary angiography]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2003;96(12):1157-1161.

Webb, J. G., Pate, G. E., Humphries, K. H., Buller, C. E., Shalansky, S., Al, Shamari A., Sutander, A., Williams, T., Fox, R. S., and Levin, A. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization: lack of effect. Am.Heart J 2004;148(3):422-429.

Peristeris, P., Clark, B. D., Gatti, S., Faggioni, R., Mantovani, A., Mengozzi, M., Orencole, S. F., Sironi, M., and Ghezzi, P. N-acetylcysteine and glutathione as inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor production. Cell Immunol. 1992;140(2):390-399.

Huynh, H. Q., Couper, R. T., Tran, C. D., Moore, L., Kelso, R., and Butler, R. N. N-acetylcysteine, a novel treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig.Dis.Sci 2004;49(11-12):1853-1861.

Azmus, A. D., Gottschall, C., Manica, A., Manica, J., Duro, K., Frey, M., Bulcao, L., and Lima, C. Effectiveness of acetylcysteine in prevention of contrast nephropathy. J Invasive.Cardiol. 2005;17(2):80-84.

Rizk, A. Y., Bedaiwy, M. A., and Al Inany, H. G. N-acetyl-cysteine is a novel adjuvant to clomiphene citrate in clomiphene citrate-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil.Steril. 2005;83(2):367-370.

Kerr, F., Dawson, A., Whyte, I. M., Buckley, N., Murray, L., Graudins, A., Chan, B., and Trudinger, B. The Australasian Clinical Toxicology Investigators Collaboration randomized trial of different loading infusion rates of N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg.Med 2005;45(4):402-408.

Treitinger, A., Spada, C., Masokawa, I. Y., Verdi, J. C., Van Der Sander, Silveira M., Luis, M. C., Reis, M., Ferreira, S. I., and Abdalla, D. S. Effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphocyte viability, TNF-alpha and IL-8 in HIV-infected patients undergoing anti-retroviral treatment. Braz.J Infect.Dis 2004;8(5):363-371.

Decramer, M., Rutten-van, Molken M., Dekhuijzen, P. N., Troosters, T., van, Herwaarden C., Pellegrino, R., van Schayck, C. P., Olivieri, D., Del, Donno M., De, Backer W., Lankhorst, I., and Ardia, A. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study, BRONCUS): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 4-30-2005;365(9470):1552-1560.

Saricaoglu, F., Dal, D., Salman, A. E., Atay, O. A., Doral, M. N., Salman, M. A., Kilinc, K., and Aypar, U. Effect of low-dose N-acetyl-cysteine infusion on tourniquet-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury in arthroscopic knee surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol.Scand 2005;49(6):847-851.

Khan, A. W., Fuller, B. J., Shah, S. R., Davidson, B. R., and Rolles, K. A prospective randomized trial of N-acetyl cysteine administration during cold preservation of the donor liver for transplantation. Ann.Hepatol 2005;4(2):121-126.

Burns, K. E., Chu, M. W., Novick, R. J., Fox, S. A., Gallo, K., Martin, C. M., Stitt, L. W., Heidenheim, A. P., Myers, M. L., and Moist, L. Perioperative N-acetylcysteine to prevent renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing cabg surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 7-20-2005;294(3):342-350.

Ng, T. M., Shurmur, S. W., Silver, M., Nissen, L. R., O'Leary, E. L., Rigmaiden, R. S., Cieciorka, M., Porter, L. L., Ineck, B. A., Kline, M. E., and Puumala, S. E. Comparison of N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy (CAFCIN). Int J Cardiol. 5-24-2006;109(3):322-328.

Bibi, H., Seifert, B., Oullette, M., and Belik, J. Intratracheal N-acetylcysteine use in infants with chronic lung disease. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81(4):335-339.

Fischer, U. M., Tossios, P., and Mehlhorn, U. Renal protection by radical scavenging in cardiac surgery patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(8):1161-1164.

Jepsen, S., Herlevsen, P., Knudsen, P., Bud, M. I., and Klausen, N. O. Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine during adult respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med 1992;20(7):918-923.

Roes, E. M., Raijmakers, M. T., Boo, T. M., Zusterzeel, P. L., Merkus, H. M., Peters, W. H., and Steegers, E. A. Oral N-acetylcysteine administration does not stabilise the process of established severe preeclampsia. Eur.J Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol 2006;127(1):61-67.

Ayonrinde, O. T., Phelps, G. J., Hurley, J. C., and Ayonrinde, O. A. Paracetamol overdose and hepatotoxicity at a regional Australian hospital: a 4-year experience. Intern Med J 2005;35(11):655-660.

Foschino Barbaro, M. P., Serviddio, G., Resta, O., Rollo, T., Tamborra, R., Elisiana, Carpagnano G., Vendemiale, G., and Altomare, E. Oxygen therapy at low flow causes oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevention by N-acetyl cysteine. Free Radic.Res 2005;39(10):1111-1118.

Krishna, M. and Lalmuanpuii, J. Helicobacter pylori treatment. South.Med J 2005;98(11):1068.

Gurbuz, A. K., Ozel, A. M., Ozturk, R., Yildirim, S., Yazgan, Y., and Demirturk, L. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on Helicobacter pylori. South.Med J 2005;98(11):1095-1097.

Fung, J. W. S. C., Chan, W., Kum, W., and et al. Can N-acetylcysteine really prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic renal insufficiency? A randomized study and pooled analysis. Eur Heart J 2003;24(S136)

Sadowska, A. M., Keenoy, B., Vertongen, T., Schippers, G., Radomska-Lesniewska, D., Heytens, E., and De Backer, W. A. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on neutrophil activation markers in healthy volunteers: in vivo and in vitro study. Pharmacol Res 2006;53(3):216-225.

Koramaz, I., Pulathan, Z., Usta, S., Karahan, S. C., Alver, A., Yaris, E., Kalyoncu, N. I., and Ozcan, F. Cardioprotective effect of cold-blood cardioplegia enriched with N-acetylcysteine during coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac.Surg 2006;81(2):613-618.

Spiller, H. A., Winter, M. L., Klein-Schwartz, W., and Bangh, S. A. Efficacy of activated charcoal administered more than four hours after acetaminophen overdose. J Emerg.Med 2006;30(1):1-5.

Yesilbursa, D., Serdar, A., Senturk, T., Serdar, Z., Sag, S., and Cordan, J. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress and ventricular function in patients with myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels 2006;21(1):33-37.

Orhan, G., Yapici, N., Yuksel, M., Sargin, M., Senay, S., Yalcin, A. S., Aykac, Z., and Aka, S. A. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in bypass surgery. Heart Vessels 2006;21(1):42-47.

LaRowe, S. D., Mardikian, P., Malcolm, R., Myrick, H., Kalivas, P., McFarland, K., Saladin, M., McRae, A., and Brady, K. Safety and tolerability of N-acetylcysteine in cocaine-dependent individuals. Am J Addict. 2006;15(1):105-110.

Lin, P. C., Lee, M. Y., Wang, W. S., Yen, C. C., Chao, T. C., Hsiao, L. T., Yang, M. H., Chen, P. M., Lin, K. P., and Chiou, T. J. N-acetylcysteine has neuroprotective effects against oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer patients: preliminary data. Support.Care Cancer 2006;14(5):484-487.

Manov, I., Motanis, H., Frumin, I., and Iancu, T. C. Hepatotoxicity of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs: ultrastructural aspects. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006;27(3):259-272.

Sandhu, C., Belli, A. M., and Oliveira, D. B. The role of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. Cardiovasc.Intervent.Radiol. 2006;29(3):344-347.

Macedo, E., Abdulkader, R., Castro, I., Sobrinho, A. C., Yu, L., and Vieira, J. M., Jr. Lack of protection of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in acute renal failure related to elective aortic aneurysm repair-a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2006;21(7):1863-1869.

Tirouvanziam, R., Conrad, C. K., Bottiglieri, T., Herzenberg, L. A., Moss, R. B., and Herzenberg, L. A. High-dose oral N-acetylcysteine, a glutathione prodrug, modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Proc Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 3-21-2006;103(12):4628-4633.

Niemi, T. T., Munsterhjelm, E., Poyhia, R., Hynninen, M. S., and Salmenpera, M. T. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on blood coagulation and platelet function in patients undergoing open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Blood Coagul.Fibrinolysis 2006;17(1):29-34.

Pannu, N. and Tonelli, M. Strategies to reduce the risk of contrast nephropathy: an evidence-based approach. Curr Opin.Nephrol.Hypertens. 2006;15(3):285-290.

Brok, J., Buckley, N., and Gluud, C. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(2):CD003328.

Coyle, L. C., Rodriguez, A., Jeschke, R. E., Simon-Lee, A., Abbott, K. C., and Taylor, A. J. Acetylcysteine In Diabetes (AID): a randomized study of acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast nephropathy in diabetics. Am Heart J 2006;151(5):1032-12.

Melzer, J., Saller, R., Schapowal, A., and Brignoli, R. Systematic review of clinical data with BNO-101 (Sinupret) in the treatment of sinusitis. Forsch Komplement.Med (2006.) 2006;13(2):78-87.

Gavish, D. and Breslow, J. L. Lipoprotein(a) reduction by N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 1-26-1991;337(8735):203-204.

Hynninen, M. S., Niemi, T. T., Poyhia, R., Raininko, E. I., Salmenpera, M. T., Lepantalo, M. J., Railo, M. J., and Tallgren, M. K. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of kidney injury in abdominal aortic surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth.Analg. 2006;102(6):1638-1645.

Lameire, N. H. Contrast-induced nephropathy--prevention and risk reduction. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2006;21(6):i11-i23.

Girardi, G. and Elias, M. M. Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in protecting against mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 4-8-1991;67(2):155-164.

Kramer, S., Dreisbach, L., Lockwood, J., Baldwin, K., Kopke, R., Scranton, S., and O'Leary, M. Efficacy of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in protecting ears exposed to loud music. J Am Acad.Audiol. 2006;17(4):265-278.

Meschi, M., Detrenis, S., Musini, S., Strada, E., and Savazzi, G. Facts and fallacies concerning the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Crit Care Med 2006;34(8):2060-2068.

Milewski, J., Rydzewska, G., Degowska, M., Kierzkiewicz, M., and Rydzewski, A. N-acetylcysteine does not prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography hyperamylasemia and acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 6-21-2006;12(23):3751-3755.

Pannu, N., Wiebe, N., and Tonelli, M. Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy. JAMA 2006;295(23):2765-2779.

Marenzi, G., Assanelli, E., Marana, I., Lauri, G., Campodonico, J., Grazi, M., De, Metrio M., Galli, S., Fabbiocchi, F., Montorsi, P., Veglia, F., and Bartorelli, A. L. N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. N.Engl.J Med 6-29-2006;354(26):2773-2782.

Baker, C. S., Wragg, A., Kumar, S., De, Palma R., Baker, L. R., and Knight, C. J. A rapid protocol for the prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the RAPPID study. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 6-18-2003;41(12):2114-2118.

Rahman, I. and Adcock, I. M. Oxidative stress and redox regulation of lung inflammation in COPD. Eur.Respir.J 2006;28(1):219-242.

Badawy, A., Baker El, Nashar A., and El, Totongy M. Clomiphene citrate plus N-acetyl cysteine versus clomiphene citrate for augmenting ovulation in the management of unexplained infertility: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Fertil.Steril. 2006;86(3):647-650.

McKenna, M. J., Medved, I., Goodman, C. A., Brown, M. J., Bjorksten, A. R., Murphy, K. T., Petersen, A. C., Sostaric, S., and Gong, X. N-acetylcysteine attenuates the decline in muscle Na+,K+-pump activity and delays fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans. J Physiol 10-1-2006;576(Pt 1):279-288.

Ristikankare, A., Kuitunen, T., Kuitunen, A., Uotila, L., Vento, A., Suojaranta-Ylinen, R., Salmenpera, M., and Poyhia, R. Lack of renoprotective effect of i.v. N-acetylcysteine in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97(5):611-616.

Inoue, S., Yamamoto, I., Akieda, K., Sekiguchi, H., Otuka, H., Morita, S., Nakagawa, Y., and Inokuchi, S. [Alcohol abuse case of severe liver dysfunction induced by acetaminophen poisoning which was diagnosed as non-hepatic toxicity on admission]. Chudoku.Kenkyu 2006;19(3):265-271.

Stacul, F., Adam, A., Becker, C. R., Davidson, C., Lameire, N., McCullough, P. A., and Tumlin, J. Strategies to reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Cardiol. 9-18-2006;98(6A):59K-77K.

Schultz, M. J., Baas, M. C., van der Sluijs, H. P., Stamkot, G. A., and Smit, W. N-acetylcysteine and other preventive measures for contrast-induced nephropathy in the intensive care unit. Curr Med Chem. 2006;13(21):2565-2570.

Ege, T., Eskiocak, S., Edis, M., and Duran, E. The role of N-acetylcysteine in lower extremity ischemia/reperfusions. J Cardiovasc.Surg (Torino) 2006;47(5):563-568.

Kalebic, T., Kinter, A., Poli, G., Anderson, M. E., Meister, A., and Fauci, A. S. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected monocytic cells by glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetylcysteine. Proc Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 2-1-1991;88(3):986-990.

Moore, N. N., Lapsley, M., Norden, A. G., Firth, J. D., Gaunt, M. E., Varty, K., and Boyle, J. R. Does N-acetylcysteine prevent contrast-induced nephropathy during endovascular AAA repair? A randomized controlled pilot study. J Endovasc.Ther 2006;13(5):660-666.

Soghier, L. M. and Brion, L. P. Cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation in parenterally fed neonates. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(4):CD004869.

Rumiris, D., Purwosunu, Y., Wibowo, N., Farina, A., and Sekizawa, A. Lower rate of preeclampsia after antioxidant supplementation in pregnant women with low antioxidant status. Hypertens.Pregnancy. 2006;25(3):241-253.

Thaha, M., Yogiantoro, M., and Tomino, Y. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine during haemodialysis reduces the plasma concentration of homocysteine in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Drug Investig. 2006;26(4):195-202.

Lawlor, D. K., Moist, L., DeRose, G., Harris, K. A., Lovell, M. B., Kribs, S. W., Elliot, J., and Forbes, T. L. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in vascular surgery patients. Ann Vasc.Surg 2007;21(5):593-597.

El-Hamamsy, I., Stevens, L. M., Carrier, M., Pellerin, M., Bouchard, D., Demers, P., Cartier, R., Page, P., and Perrault, L. P. Effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine on outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg 2007;133(1):7-12.

Komisarof, J. A., Gilkey, G. M., Peters, D. M., Koudelka, C. W., Meyer, M. M., and Smith, S. M. N-acetylcysteine for patients with prolonged hypotension as prophylaxis for acute renal failure (NEPHRON). Crit Care Med 2007;35(2):435-441.

Boesgaard, S., Aldershvile, J., and Poulsen, H. E. Preventive administration of intravenous N-acetylcysteine and development of tolerance to isosorbide dinitrate in patients with angina pectoris. Circulation 1992;85(1):143-149.

Tolar, J., Orchard, P. J., Bjoraker, K. J., Ziegler, R. S., Shapiro, E. G., and Charnas, L. N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves outcome of advanced cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007;39(4):211-215.

Thanopoulou, E., Baltayiannis, N., and Lykogianni, V. Nutritional aspects regarding lung cancer chemoprevention. J BUON. 2006;11(1):7-20.

Elnashar, A., Fahmy, M., Mansour, A., and Ibrahim, K. N-acetyl cysteine vs. metformin in treatment of clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled study. Fertil.Steril. 2007;88(2):406-409.

Siriwardena, A. K., Mason, J. M., Balachandra, S., Bagul, A., Galloway, S., Formela, L., Hardman, J. G., and Jamdar, S. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of intravenous antioxidant (n-acetylcysteine, selenium, vitamin C) therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 2007;56(10):1439-1444.

Sutherland, E. R., Crapo, J. D., and Bowler, R. P. N-acetylcysteine and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD. 2006;3(4):195-202.

Badawy, A., State, O., and Abdelgawad, S. N-Acetyl cysteine and clomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-over trial. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand 2007;86(2):218-222.

Recio-Mayoral, A., Chaparro, M., Prado, B., Cozar, R., Mendez, I., Banerjee, D., Kaski, J. C., Cubero, J., and Cruz, J. M. The reno-protective effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention: the RENO Study. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 3-27-2007;49(12):1283-1288.

Haase, M., Haase-Fielitz, A., Bagshaw, S. M., Reade, M. C., Morgera, S., Seevenayagam, S., Matalanis, G., Buxton, B., Doolan, L., and Bellomo, R. Phase II, randomized, controlled trial of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. Crit Care Med 2007;35(5):1324-1331.

Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W., and Odlaug, B. L. N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 9-15-2007;62(6):652-657.

Al-Ghonaim, M. and Pannu, N. Prevention and treatment of contrast-induced nephropathy. Tech.Vasc.Interv.Radiol. 2006;9(2):42-49.

di Mario, F., Cavallaro, L. G., Nouvenne, A., Stefani, N., Cavestro, G. M., Iori, V., Maino, M., Comparato, G., Fanigliulo, L., Morana, E., Pilotto, A., Martelli, L., Martelli, M., Leandro, G., and Franze, A. A curcumin-based 1-week triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: something to learn from failure? Helicobacter. 2007;12(3):238-243.

Sandhu, C., Belli, A. M., and Oliveira, D. B. The role of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. Cardiovasc.Intervent.Radiol. 2006;29(3):344-347.

Zagler, A., Azadpour, M., Mercado, C., and Hennekens, C. H. N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials. Am Heart J 2006;151(1):140-145.

Grimble, G. K. Adverse gastrointestinal effects of arginine and related amino acids. J Nutr 2007;137(6 Suppl 2):1693S-1701S.

LaRowe, S. D., Myrick, H., Hedden, S., Mardikian, P., Saladin, M., McRae, A., Brady, K., Kalivas, P. W., and Malcolm, R. Is cocaine desire reduced by N-acetylcysteine? Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(7):1115-1117.

Gawenda, M., Moller, A., Wassmer, G., and Brunkwall, J. [Prophylaxis of contrast-induced nephropathy with N-acetylcysteine]. Zentralbl.Chir 2007;132(3):227-231.

Chen, N., Aleksa, K., Woodland, C., Rieder, M., and Koren, G. Prevention of ifosfamide nephrotoxicity by N-acetylcysteine: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2007;14(2):e246-e250.

Rosner, M. H. and Okusa, M. D. Acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(1):19-32.

Gass, J. T. and Olive, M. F. Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Biochem.Pharmacol 1-1-2008;75(1):218-265.

Poletti, P. A., Saudan, P., Platon, A., Mermillod, B., Sautter, A. M., Vermeulen, B., Sarasin, F. P., Becker, C. D., and Martin, P. Y. I.v. N-acetylcysteine and emergency CT: use of serum creatinine and cystatin C as markers of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(3):687-692.

Ozcan, E. E., Guneri, S., Akdeniz, B., Akyildiz, I. Z., Senaslan, O., Baris, N., Aslan, O., and Badak, O. Sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. A comparison of 3 regimens for protecting contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary procedures. A single-center prospective controlled trial. Am Heart J 2007;154(3):539-544.

Baranska-Kosakowska, A., Zakliczynski, M., Przybylski, R., and Zembala, M. Role of N-acetylcysteine on renal function in patients after orthotopic heart transplantation undergoing coronary angiography. Transplant.Proc 2007;39(9):2853-2855.

Barreto, R. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: the rational use of sodium bicarbonate. Nephrol.Nurs.J 2007;34(4):417-421.

Sanders, K. M., Kotowicz, M. A., and Nicholson, G. C. Potential role of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in slowing bone resorption in early post-menopausal women: a pilot study. Transl.Res 2007;150(4):215.

Wijeysundera, D. N., Beattie, W. S., Rao, V., Granton, J. T., and Chan, C. T. N-acetylcysteine for preventing acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients with pre-existing moderate renal insufficiency. Can J Anaesth. 2007;54(11):872-881.

Soltan-Sharifi, M. S., Mojtahedzadeh, M., Najafi, A., Reza, Khajavi M., Reza, Rouini M., Moradi, M., Mohammadirad, A., and Abdollahi, M. Improvement by N-acetylcysteine of acute respiratory distress syndrome through increasing intracellular glutathione, and extracellular thiol molecules and anti-oxidant power: evidence for underlying toxicological mechanisms. Hum Exp.Toxicol. 2007;26(9):697-703.

Zoccali, C., Mallamaci, F., and Tripepi, G. It is important to lower homocysteine in dialysis patients. Semin.Dial. 2007;20(6):530-533.

Gonzales, D. A., Norsworthy, K. J., Kern, S. J., Banks, S., Sieving, P. C., Star, R. A., Natanson, C., and Danner, R. L. A meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine in contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: unsupervised clustering to resolve heterogeneity. BMC.Med 2007;5:32.

Fishbane, S. N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(1):281-287.

Lavoie, S., Murray, M. M., Deppen, P., Knyazeva, M. G., Berk, M., Boulat, O., Bovet, P., Bush, A. I., Conus, P., Copolov, D., Fornari, E., Meuli, R., Solida, A., Vianin, P., Cuenod, M., Buclin, T., and Do, K. Q. Glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, improves mismatch negativity in schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33(9):2187-2199.

Ferreira, L. F. and Reid, M. B. Muscle-derived ROS and thiol regulation in muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 2008;104(3):853-860.

Maioli, M., Toso, A., Leoncini, M., Gallopin, M., Tedeschi, D., Micheletti, C., and Bellandi, F. Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 8-19-2008;52(8):599-604.

Shohrati, M., Aslani, J., Eshraghi, M., Alaedini, F., and Ghanei, M. Therapeutics effect of N-acetyl cysteine on mustard gas exposed patients: evaluating clinical aspect in patients with impaired pulmonary function test. Respir.Med 2008;102(3):443-448.

Rahman, I. Antioxidant therapies in COPD. Int.J Chron.Obstruct.Pulmon.Dis. 2006;1(1):15-29.

Sisillo, E., Ceriani, R., Bortone, F., Juliano, G., Salvi, L., Veglia, F., Fiorentini, C., and Marenzi, G. N-acetylcysteine for prevention of acute renal failure in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2008;36(1):81-86.

Reid, M. B. Free radicals and muscle fatigue: Of ROS, canaries, and the IOC. Free Radic.Biol Med 1-15-2008;44(2):169-179.

Yilmaz, H., Sahin, S., Sayar, N., Tangurek, B., Yilmaz, M., Nurkalem, Z., Onturk, E., Cakmak, N., and Bolca, O. Effects of folic acid and N-acetylcysteine on plasma homocysteine levels and endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol. 2007;62(6):579-585.

Ozaydin, M., Peker, O., Erdogan, D., Kapan, S., Turker, Y., Varol, E., Ozguner, F., Dogan, A., and Ibrisim, E. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Eur.Heart J 2008;29(5):625-631.

Vats, P., Singh, V. K., Singh, S. N., and Singh, S. B. High altitude induced anorexia: effect of changes in leptin and oxidative stress levels. Nutr Neurosci. 2007;10(5-6):243-249.

Stenstrom, D. A., Muldoon, L. L., Armijo-Medina, H., Watnick, S., Doolittle, N. D., Kaufman, J. A., Peterson, D. R., Bubalo, J., and Neuwelt, E. A. N-acetylcysteine use to prevent contrast medium-induced nephropathy: premature phase III trials. J Vasc.Interv.Radiol. 2008;19(3):309-318.

Ivanovski, O., Nikolov, I. G., Drueke, B. T., and Massy, A. Z. Atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in uraemia - a new experimental model. Prilozi. 2007;28(2):11-24.

Venkataraman, R. Can we prevent acute kidney injury? Crit Care Med 2008;36(4 Suppl):S166-S171.

Barr, L. F. and Kolodner, K. N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam protect the renal function of patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 2008;36(5):1427-1435.

Berk, M., Copolov, D., Dean, O., Lu, K., Jeavons, S., Schapkaitz, I., Anderson-Hunt, M., Judd, F., Katz, F., Katz, P., Ording-Jespersen, S., Little, J., Conus, P., Cuenod, M., Do, K. Q., and Bush, A. I. N-acetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia--a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 9-1-2008;64(5):361-368.

Guijarro, L. G., Mate, J., Gisbert, J. P., Perez-Calle, J. L., Marin-Jimenez, I., Arriaza, E., Olleros, T., Delgado, M., Castillejo, M. S., Prieto-Merino, D., Gonzalez, Lara, V, and Pena, A. S. N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. World J Gastroenterol. 5-14-2008;14(18):2851-2857.

Adabag, A. S., Ishani, A., Koneswaran, S., Johnson, D. J., Kelly, R. F., Ward, H. B., McFalls, E. O., Bloomfield, H. E., and Chandrashekhar, Y. Utility of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2008;155(6):1143-1149.

Berk, M., Copolov, D. L., Dean, O., Lu, K., Jeavons, S., Schapkaitz, I., Anderson-Hunt, M., and Bush, A. I. N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder--a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 9-15-2008;64(6):468-475.

Kuleci, S., Hanta, I., Kocabas, A., and Canacankatan, N. The effect of different treatment modalities on oxidative stress in COPD. Adv.Ther 2008;25(7):710-717.

Ho, K. M. and Morgan, D. J. Meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute renal failure after major surgery. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(1):33-40.

Peker, O., Peker, T., Erdogan, D., Ozaydin, M., Kapan, S., Sutcu, R., and Ibrisim, E. Effects of intravenous N-acetylcysteine on periprocedural myocardial injury after on-pump coronary artery by-pass grafting. J Cardiovasc.Surg (Torino) 2008;49(4):527-531.

Maioli, M., Toso, A., Leoncini, M., Gallopin, M., Tedeschi, D., Micheletti, C., and Bellandi, F. Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 8-19-2008;52(8):599-604.

Bridgeman, M. M., Marsden, M., MacNee, W., Flenley, D. C., and Ryle, A. P. Cysteine and glutathione concentrations in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Thorax 1991;46(1):39-42.

Ghanei, M., Shohrati, M., Jafari, M., Ghaderi, S., Alaeddini, F., and Aslani, J. N-acetylcysteine improves the clinical conditions of mustard gas-exposed patients with normal pulmonary function test. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;103(5):428-432.

Shahin, A. Y., Hassanin, I. M., Ismail, A. M., Kruessel, J. S., and Hirchenhain, J. Effect of oral N-acetyl cysteine on recurrent preterm labor following treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. 2009;104(1):44-48.

Amin, A. F., Shaaban, O. M., and Bediawy, M. A. N-acetyl cysteine for treatment of recurrent unexplained pregnancy loss. Reprod.Biomed.Online. 2008;17(5):722-726.

Carbonell, N., Blasco, M., Sanjuan, R., Perez-Sancho, E., Sanchis, J., Insa, L., Bodi, V., Nunez, J., Garcia-Ramon, R., and Miguel, A. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomised trial. Int J Cardiol. 1-31-2007;115(1):57-62.

Kelly, M. K., Wicker, R. J., Barstow, T. J., and Harms, C. A. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on respiratory muscle fatigue during heavy exercise. Respir.Physiol Neurobiol. 1-1-2009;165(1):67-72.

Moradi, M., Mojtahedzadeh, M., Mandegari, A., Soltan-Sharifi, M. S., Najafi, A., Khajavi, M. R., Hajibabayee, M., and Ghahremani, M. H. The role of glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms on clinical outcome of ALI/ARDS patient treated with N-acetylcysteine. Respir.Med 2009;103(3):434-441.

Santiago, F. M., Bueno, P., Olmedo, C., Muffak-Granero, K., Comino, A., Serradilla, M., Mansilla, A., Villar, J. M., Garrote, D., and Ferron, J. A. Effect of N-acetylcysteine administration on intraoperative plasma levels of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in liver transplant recipients. Transplant.Proc 2008;40(9):2978-2980.

ten Dam, M. A. and Wetzels, J. F. Toxicity of contrast media: an update. Neth.J Med 2008;66(10):416-422.

Heng, A. E., Cellarier, E., Aublet-Cuvelier, B., Decalf, V., Motreff, P., Marcaggi, X., Deteix, P., and Souweine, B. Is treatment with N-acetylcysteine to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy when using bicarbonate hydration out of date? Clin Nephrol. 2008;70(6):475-484.

Naughton, F., Wijeysundera, D., Karkouti, K., Tait, G., and Beattie, W. S. N-acetylcysteine to reduce renal failure after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2008;55(12):827-835.

Hart, A. M., Terenghi, G., and Wiberg, M. Neuronal death after peripheral nerve injury and experimental strategies for neuroprotection. Neurol.Res. 2008;30(10):999-1011.

Safarinejad, M. R. and Safarinejad, S. Efficacy of selenium and/or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol. 2009;181(2):741-751.

Renke, M., Tylicki, L., Rutkowski, P., Larczynski, W., Aleksandrowicz, E., Lysiak-Szydlowska, W., and Rutkowski, B. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on proteinuria and markers of tubular injury in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. A placebo-controlled, randomized, open, cross-over study. Kidney Blood Press Res 2008;31(6):404-410.

Nigwekar, S. U. and Kandula, P. N-acetylcysteine in cardiovascular-surgery-associated renal failure: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac.Surg 2009;87(1):139-147.

Koksal, H., Rahman, A., Burma, O., Halifeoglu, I., and Bayar, M. K. The effects of low dose N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an adjunct to cardioplegia in coronary artery bypass surgery. Anadolu.Kardiyol.Derg. 2008;8(6):437-443.

Charunwatthana, P., Abul, Faiz M., Ruangveerayut, R., Maude, R. J., Rahman, M. R., Roberts, L. J., Moore, K., Bin, Yunus E., Hoque, M. G., Hasan, M. U., Lee, S. J., Pukrittayakamee, S., Newton, P. N., White, N. J., Day, N. P., and Dondorp, A. M. N-acetylcysteine as adjunctive treatment in severe malaria: a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2009;37(2):516-522.

Leung, K. S. and Cottler, L. B. Treatment of pathological gambling. Curr Opin.Psychiatry 2009;22(1):69-74.

Dal, Negro R., Visconti, M., Trevisan, F., Bertacco, S., Micheletto, C., and Tognella, S. Erdosteine enhances airway response to salbutamol in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. Ther Adv.Respir.Dis. 2008;2(5):271-277.

Uys, J. D. and LaLumiere, R. T. Glutamate: the new frontier in pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction. CNS.Neurol.Disord.Drug Targets. 2008;7(5):482-491.

Baker, W. L., Anglade, M. W., Baker, E. L., White, C. M., Kluger, J., and Coleman, C. I. Use of N-acetylcysteine to reduce post-cardiothoracic surgery complications: a meta-analysis. Eur.J Cardiothorac.Surg 2009;35(3):521-527.

Nash, E. F., Stephenson, A., Ratjen, F., and Tullis, E. Nebulized and oral thiol derivatives for pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(1):CD007168.

Rodrigues, A. J., Evora, P. R., Bassetto, S., Alves, L., Jr., Scorzoni, Filho A., Origuela, E. A., and Vicente, W. V. Blood cardioplegia with N-acetylcysteine may reduce coronary endothelial activation and myocardial oxidative stress. Heart Surg Forum 2009;12(1):E44-E48.

Jo, S. H., Koo, B. K., Park, J. S., Kang, H. J., Kim, Y. J., Kim, H. L., Chae, I. H., Choi, D. J., Sohn, D. W., Oh, B. H., Park, Y. B., Choi, Y. S., and Kim, H. S. N-acetylcysteine versus AScorbic acid for preventing contrast-Induced nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography NASPI study-a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2009;157(3):576-583.

Horl, W. H. [Contrast induced nephropathy]. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. 2009;121(1-2):15-32.

Sandilands, E. A. and Bateman, D. N. Adverse reactions associated with acetylcysteine. Clin Toxicol.(Phila) 2009;47(2):81-88.

Smilkstein, M. J., Bronstein, A. C., Linden, C., Augenstein, W. L., Kulig, K. W., and Rumack, B. H. Acetaminophen overdose: a 48-hour intravenous N-acetylcysteine treatment protocol. Ann Emerg.Med 1991;20(10):1058-1063.

de Gussem, E. M., Snijder, R. J., Disch, F. J., Zanen, P., Westermann, C. J., and Mager, J. J. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on epistaxis and quality of life in patients with HHT: a pilot study. Rhinology 2009;47(1):85-88.

Wijeysundera, D. N., Karkouti, K., Rao, V., Granton, J. T., Chan, C. T., Raban, R., Carroll, J., Poonawala, H., and Beattie, W. S. N-acetylcysteine is associated with increased blood loss and blood product utilization during cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 2009;37(6):1929-1934.

Keays, R., Harrison, P. M., Wendon, J. A., Forbes, A., Gove, C., Alexander, G. J., and Williams, R. Intravenous acetylcysteine in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: a prospective controlled trial. BMJ 10-26-1991;303(6809):1026-1029.

Harrison, P. M., Keays, R., Bray, G. P., Alexander, G. J., and Williams, R. Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine. Lancet 6-30-1990;335(8705):1572-1573.

Holdiness, M. R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1991;20(2):123-134.

Roederer, M., Staal, F. J., Raju, P. A., Ela, S. W., Herzenberg, L. A., and Herzenberg, L. A. Cytokine-stimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Proc Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 1990;87(12):4884-4888.

Parker, D., White, J. P., Paton, D., and Routledge, P. A. Safety of late acetylcysteine treatment in paracetamol poisoning. Hum Exp.Toxicol. 1990;9(1):25-27.

Wu, J., Levy, E. M., and Black, P. H. 2-Mercaptoethanol and n-acetylcysteine enhance T cell colony formation in AIDS and ARC. Clin Exp.Immunol. 1989;77(1):7-10.

Sjodin, K., Nilsson, E., Hallberg, A., and Tunek, A. Metabolism of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Some structural requirements for the deacetylation and consequences for the oral bioavailability. Biochem.Pharmacol 11-15-1989;38(22):3981-3985.

Prescott, L. F., Donovan, J. W., Jarvie, D. R., and Proudfoot, A. T. The disposition and kinetics of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in patients with paracetamol overdosage. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37(5):501-506.

Stafanger, G. and Koch, C. N-acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical score, spirometry and ciliary motility. Eur.Respir.J 1989;2(3):234-237.

Dawson, A. H., Henry, D. A., and McEwen, J. Adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine during treatment for paracetamol poisoning. Med J Aust. 3-20-1989;150(6):329-331.

Burgunder, J. M., Varriale, A., and Lauterburg, B. H. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on plasma cysteine and glutathione following paracetamol administration. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 1989;36(2):127-131.

De, Caro L., Ghizzi, A., Costa, R., Longo, A., Ventresca, G. P., and Lodola, E. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral acetylcysteine in healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung. 1989;39(3):382-386.

Badawy, A. H., Abdel Aal, S. F., and Samour, S. A. Liver injury associated with N-acetylcysteine administration. J Egypt.Soc Parasitol. 1989;19(2):563-571.

Linden, M., Wieslander, E., Eklund, A., Larsson, K., and Brattsand, R. Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on cell content and macrophage function in bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy smokers. Eur.Respir.J 1988;1(7):645-650.

Eklund, A., Eriksson, O., Hakansson, L., Larsson, K., Ohlsson, K., Venge, P., Bergstrand, H., Bjornson, A., Brattsand, R., Glennow, C., and . Oral N-acetylcysteine reduces selected humoral markers of inflammatory cell activity in BAL fluid from healthy smokers: correlation to effects on cellular variables. Eur.Respir.J 1988;1(9):832-838.

Oral N-acetylcysteine and exacerbation rates in patients with chronic bronchitis and severe airways obstruction. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Thorax 1985;40(11):832-835.

Braganza, J. M., Holmes, A. M., Morton, A. R., Stalley, L., Ku, R., and Kisher, R. Acetylcysteine to treat complications of pancreatitis. Lancet 4-19-1986;1(8486):914-915.

Endo, A. and Watanabe, T. Analysis of protective activity of N-acetylcysteine against teratogenicity of heavy metals. Reprod.Toxicol. 1988;2(2):141-144.

Smilkstein, M. J., Knapp, G. L., Kulig, K. W., and Rumack, B. H. Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985). N.Engl.J Med 12-15-1988;319(24):1557-1562.

Winniford, M. D., Kennedy, P. L., Wells, P. J., and Hillis, L. D. Potentiation of nitroglycerin-induced coronary dilatation by N-acetylcysteine. Circulation 1986;73(1):138-142.

Horowitz, J. D., Henry, C. A., Syrjanen, M. L., Louis, W. J., Fish, R. D., Smith, T. W., and Antman, E. M. Combined use of nitroglycerin and N-acetylcysteine in the management of unstable angina pectoris. Circulation 1988;77(4):787-794.

Powell, S. R. and McCay, P. B. Inhibition of doxorubicin-initiated membrane damage by N-acetylcysteine: possible mediation by a thiol-dependent, cytosolic inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. Toxicol.Appl Pharmacol 1988;96(2):175-184.

Stafanger, G., Garne, S., Howitz, P., Morkassel, E., and Koch, C. The clinical effect and the effect on the ciliary motility of oral N-acetylcysteine in patients with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur.Respir.J 1988;1(2):161-167.

Rasmussen, J. B. and Glennow, C. Reduction in days of illness after long-term treatment with N-acetylcysteine controlled-release tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis. Eur.Respir.J 1988;1(4):351-355.

Walters, M. T., Rubin, C. E., Keightley, S. J., Ward, C. D., and Cawley, M. I. A double-blind, cross-over, study of oral N-acetylcysteine in Sjogren's syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol.Suppl 1986;61:253-258.

Cato, A., Goldstein, I., and Millman, M. A double-blind parallel study of acetylcysteine-isoproterenol and saline-isoproterenol in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. J Int Med Res 1977;5(3):175-183.

Parr, G. D. and Huitson, A. Oral Fabrol (oral N-acetyl-cysteine) in chronic bronchitis. Br.J.Dis.Chest 1987;81(4):341-348.

Rogers, D. F., Godfrey, R. W., Majumdar, S., and Jeffery, P. K. Oral N-acetylcysteine speeds reversal of cigarette smoke-induced mucous cell hyperplasia in the rat. Exp.Lung Res 1988;14(1):19-35.

Jensen, T., Kharazmi, A., Schiotz, P. O., Nielsen, H., Stenvang, Pedersen S., Stafanger, G., Koch, C., and Hoiby, N. Effect of oral N-acetylcysteine administration on human blood neutrophil and monocyte function. APMIS 1988;96(1):62-67.

Olsson, B., Johansson, M., Gabrielsson, J., and Bolme, P. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of reduced and oxidized N-acetylcysteine. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 1988;34(1):77-82.

Kharazmi, A., Nielsen, H., and Schiotz, P. O. N-acetylcysteine inhibits human neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis and oxidative metabolism. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1988;10(1):39-46.

Cotgreave, I. A. and Moldeus, P. Methodologies for the analysis of reduced and oxidized N-acetylcysteine in biological systems. Biopharm.Drug Dispos. 1987;8(4):365-375.

Rogers, D. F. and Jeffery, P. K. Inhibition by oral N-acetylcysteine of cigarette smoke-induced "bronchitis" in the rat. Exp.Lung Res 1986;10(3):267-283.

Wilpart, M., Speder, A., and Roberfroid, M. Anti-initiation activity of N-acetylcysteine in experimental colonic carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 1986;31(3):319-324.

Borgstrom, L., Kagedal, B., and Paulsen, O. Pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine in man. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 1986;31(2):217-222.

Millar, A. B., Pavia, D., Agnew, J. E., Lopez-Vidriero, M. T., Lauque, D., and Clarke, S. W. Effect of oral N-acetylcysteine on mucus clearance. Br J Dis.Chest 1985;79(3):262-266.

Ratjen, F., Wonne, R., Posselt, H. G., Stover, B., Hofmann, D., and Bender, S. W. A double-blind placebo controlled trial with oral ambroxol and N-acetylcysteine for mucolytic treatment in cystic fibrosis. Eur.J Pediatr 1985;144(4):374-378.

Bowles, W. H. and Goral, V. Clinical trial of the anti-plaque activity of a mucolytic agent, N-Acetyl Cysteine. Dent.Hyg.(Chic.) 1985;59(10):454-456.

Verstraeten, J. M. Mucolytic treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Double-blind comparative clinical trial with N-acetylcysteine, bromhexine and placebo. Acta Tuberc.Pneumol.Belg. 1979;70(1):71-80.

Pratt, S. and Ioannides, C. Mechanism of the protective action of n-acetylcysteine and methionine against paracetamol toxicity in the hamster. Arch Toxicol. 1985;57(3):173-177.

Grater, W. C. and Cato, A. Double-blind study of acetylcysteine-isoproterenol and saline-isoproterenol in non-hospitalized patients with asthma. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1973;15(9):660-671.

Mitchell, J. R., Thorgeirsson, S. S., Potter, W. Z., Jollow, D. J., and Keiser, H. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury: protective role of glutathione in man and rationale for therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1974;16(4):676-684.

Bellomo, G., Giudice, S., and Ganci, C. [Comparative study of the efficacy of acetylcysteine in oral and intramuscular administration in acute respiratory diseases in pediatrics]. Minerva Pediatr 5-26-1973;25(19):844-849.

Grassi, C., Morandini, G. C., and Frigerio, G. Clinical evaluation of systemic acetylcysteine by different routes of administration. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1973;15(4):165-179.

Pulle, D. F., Glass, P., and Dulfano, M. J. A controlled study of the safety and efficacy of acetylcysteine-isoproterenol combination. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1970;12(8):485-492.

Biscatti, G., Bruschelli, M., Damonte, G., and Capozzi, F. [Controlled studies of the clinical effects of acetylcysteine in oral administration in respiratory infections in pediatrics]. Minerva Pediatr 7-28-1972;24(26):1075-1084.

Gottschalk, B. [Therapy of mucoviscidosis using aerosols]. Dtsch.Gesundheitsw. 6-15-1972;27(24):1121-1124.

Dano, G. Bronchospasm caused by acetylcysteine in children with bronchial asthma. Acta Allergol. 1971;26(3):181-190.

Chodosh, S. and Medici, T. C. The bronchial epithelium in chronic bronchitis. I. Exfoliative cytology during stable, acute bacterial infection and recovery phases. Am Rev.Respir.Dis. 1971;104(6):888-898.

Prescott, L. F., Illingworth, R. N., Critchley, J. A., Stewart, M. J., Adam, R. D., and Proudfoot, A. T. Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J 11-3-1979;2(6198):1097-1100.

Howatt, W. F. and DeMuth, G. R. A double-blind study of the use of acetylcysteine in patients with cystic fibrosis. Univ Mich.Med Cent.J 1966;32(2):82-85.

Hirsch, S. R. and Kory, R. C. An evaluation of the effect of nebulized N-acetylcysteine on sputum consistency. J Allergy 1967;39(5):265-273.

Absolon, M. J. and Brown, C. A. Acetylcysteine in kerato-conjunctivitis sicca. Br J Ophthalmol. 1968;52(4):310-316.

Peterson, R. G. and Rumack, B. H. Treating acute acetaminophen poisoning with acetylcysteine. JAMA 5-30-1977;237(22):2406-2407.

Millman, M. and Grundon, W. Use of acetylcysteine in bronchial asthma and emphysema. J Asthma Res 1969;6(4):199-209.

Stephan, U. and Sitzmann, F. C. [On a new possibility of treating pulmonary complications of mucoviscidosis]. Dtsch.Med Wochenschr. 12-3-1965;90(49):2192-2197.

Denton, R., Kwart, H., and Litt, M. N-acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis. Mechanical and chemical factors in treatment by aerosol. Am Rev.Respir.Dis. 1967;95(4):643-651.

Vale, J. A. and Wheeler, D. C. Anaphylactoid reaction to acetylcysteine. Lancet 10-30-1982;2(8305):988.

Mant, T. G., Tempowski, J. H., Volans, G. N., and Talbot, J. C. Adverse reactions to acetylcysteine and effects of overdose. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 7-28-1984;289(6439):217-219.

Myers, C., Bonow, R., Palmeri, S., Jenkins, J., Corden, B., Locker, G., Doroshow, J., and Epstein, S. A randomized controlled trial assessing the prevention of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy by N-acetylcysteine. Semin.Oncol 1983;10(1 Suppl 1):53-55.

Miller, L. F. and Rumack, B. H. Clinical safety of high oral doses of acetylcysteine. Semin.Oncol 1983;10(1 Suppl 1):76-85.

Boman, G., Backer, U., Larsson, S., Melander, B., and Wahlander, L. Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases. Eur J Respir.Dis 1983;64(6):405-415.

Tattersall, A. B., Bridgman, K. M., and Huitson, A. Irish general practice study of acetylcysteine (Fabrol) in chronic bronchitis. J Int Med Res 1984;12(2):96-101.

Romano, C., Gargani, G. F., Minicucci, L., and Nantron, M. [Controlled clinical study on the activity of a new mucoregulating drug in obstructive bronchial pathology with a marked hypersecretory feature. The pediatric experience]. Minerva Pediatr 2-15-1984;36(3):127-138.

Jackson, I. M., Barnes, J., and Cooksey, P. Efficacy and tolerability of oral acetylcysteine (Fabrol) in chronic bronchitis: a double-blind placebo controlled study. J Int Med Res 1984;12(3):198-206.

Ho, S. W. and Beilin, L. J. Asthma associated with N-acetylcysteine infusion and paracetamol poisoning: report of two cases. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 9-24-1983;287(6396):876-877.

Vale, J. A. and Buckley, B. M. Asthma associated with N-acetylcysteine infusion and paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 10-22-1983;287(6400):1223.

Bateman, D. N., Woodhouse, K. W., and Rawlins, M. D. Adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine. Hum Toxicol. 1984;3(5):393-398.

Gervais, S., Lussier-Labelle, F., and Beaudet, G. Anaphylactoid reaction to acetylcysteine. Clin Pharm 1984;3(6):586-587.

Peterson, R. G. and Rumack, B. H. Toxicity of acetaminophen overdose. JACEP. 1978;7(5):202-205.

Rodenstein, D., DeCoster, A., and Gazzaniga, A. Pharmacokinetics of oral acetylcysteine: absorption, binding and metabolism in patients with respiratory disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1978;3(3):247-254.

Tattersall, A. B., Bridgman, K. M., and Huitson, A. Acetylcysteine (Fabrol) in chronic bronchitis--a study in general practice. J Int Med Res 1983;11(5):279-284.

Johnston, R. E., Hawkins, H. C., and Weikel, J. H., Jr. The toxicity of N-acetylcysteine in laboratory animals. Semin.Oncol 1983;10(1 Suppl 1):17-24.

Casola, G. and vanSonnenberg, E. Skin damage from acetylcysteine leak during percutaneous abscess drainage. Radiology 1984;152(1):233.

Gurtoo, H. L., Marinello, A. J., Berrigan, M. J., Bansal, S. K., Paul, B., Pavelic, Z. P., and Struck, R. F. Effect of thiols on toxicity and carcinostatic activity of cyclophosphamide. Semin.Oncol 1983;10(1 Suppl 1):35-45.

Morgan, L. R., Holdiness, M. R., and Gillen, L. E. N-acetylcysteine: its bioavailability and interaction with ifosfamide metabolites. Semin.Oncol 1983;10(1 Suppl 1):56-61.

Slavik, M. and Saiers, J. H. Phase I clinical study of acetylcysteine's preventing ifosfamide-induced hematuria. Semin.Oncol 1983;10(1 Suppl 1):62-65.

Levy, L. and Vredevoe, D. L. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on cyclophosphamide immunoregulation and antitumor activity. Semin.Oncol 1983;10(1 Suppl 1):7-16.

Unverferth, B. J., Magorien, R. D., Balcerzak, S. P., Leier, C. V., and Unverferth, D. V. Early changes in human myocardial nuclei after doxorubicin. Cancer 7-15-1983;52(2):215-221.

Stephan, U., Bowing, B., Goering, U., Wiesemann, H. G., Reinhardt, M., Hirche, H., and Brandt, H. Acetylcysteine in the oral mucolytic treatment of cystic fibrosis. Eur.J Respir.Dis.Suppl 1980;111:127-131.

Steil, E. and Niessen, K. H. Expiratory ventilatory capacity measurements in children with cystic fibrosis treated by oral acetylcysteine. Eur.J Respir.Dis.Suppl 1980;111:132-133.

Gotz, M., Kraemer, R., Kerrebijn, K. F., and Popow, C. Oral acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis. A co-operative study. Eur.J Respir.Dis.Suppl 1980;111:122-126.

Brocard, H., Charpin, J., and Germouty, J. [Multicenter, double-blind study of oral acetylcysteine vs. placebo]. Eur.J Respir.Dis.Suppl 1980;111:65-69.

Aylward, M., Maddock, J., and Dewland, P. Clinical evaluation of acetylcysteine in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis: a balanced double-blind trial with placebo control. Eur.J Respir.Dis.Suppl 1980;111:81-89.

Long-term oral acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis. a double-blind controlled study. Eur.J Respir.Dis.Suppl 1980;111:93-108.

Mitchell, E. A. and Elliott, R. B. Controlled trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis. Aust.Paediatr.J 1982;18(1):40-42.

Prescott, L. F., Park, J., Ballantyne, A., Adriaenssens, P., and Proudfoot, A. T. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 8-27-1977;2(8035):432-434.

Morgan, L. R., Donley, P. J., Harrison, E. F., and Hunter, H. L. The control of ifosfamide-induced hematuria with N-acetylcysteine in patients with advanced carcinoma of the lung. Semin.Oncol 1982;9(4 Suppl 1):71-74.

Dietzsch, H. J., Berger, G., Gottschalk, B., Leupold, W., Mittenzwey, K. W., Rupprecht, E., and Wunderlich, P. [Experiences with oral N-acetyl-cysteine treatment in children suffering from cystic fibrosis (author's transl)]. Z.Erkr.Atmungsorgane. 1980;155(1):109-113.

Oh, T. E. and Shenfield, G. M. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol poisoning. Med J Aust. 6-28-1980;1(13):664-665.

Rumack, B. H., Peterson, R. C., Koch, G. G., and Amara, I. A. Acetaminophen overdose. 662 cases with evaluation of oral acetylcysteine treatment. Arch Intern Med 2-23-1981;141(3 Spec No):380-385.

Prescott, L. F. Treatment of severe acetaminophen poisoning with intravenous acetylcysteine. Arch Intern Med 2-23-1981;141(3 Spec No):386-389.

Rivabene, R., Viora, M., Matarrese, P., Rainaldi, G., D'Ambrosio, A., and Malorni, W. N-acetyl-cysteine enhances cell adhesion properties of epithelial and lymphoid cells. Cell Biol.Int. 1995;19(8):681-686.

Roberts, R. L., Aroda, V. R., and Ank, B. J. N-acetylcysteine enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in neutrophils and mononuclear cells from healthy adults and human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect.Dis. 1995;172(6):1492-1502.

Malorni, W., Rivabene, R., and Matarrese, P. The antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine protects cultured epithelial cells from menadione-induced cytopathology. Chem.Biol.Interact. 5-19-1995;96(2):113-123.

Witschi, A., Junker, E., Schranz, C., Speck, R. F., and Lauterburg, B. H. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine fails to increase glutathione in lymphocytes and plasma of patients with AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995;11(1):141-143.

Burkhart, K. K., Janco, N., Kulig, K. W., and Rumack, B. H. Cimetidine as adjunctive treatment for acetaminophen overdose. Hum Exp.Toxicol. 1995;14(3):299-304.

Hultberg, B., Andersson, A., Masson, P., Larson, M., and Tunek, A. Plasma homocysteine and thiol compound fractions after oral administration of N-acetylcysteine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994;54(6):417-422.

Grassi, C. and Morandini, G. C. A controlled trial of intermittent oral acetylcysteine in the long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 3-22-1976;09(5-6):393-396.

Norris, P. G., Baker, C. S., Roberts, J. E., and Hawk, J. L. Treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria with N-acetylcysteine. Arch Dermatol 1995;131(3):354-355.

Bakker, J., Zhang, H., Depierreux, M., van, Asbeck S., and Vincent, J. L. Effects of N-acetylcysteine in endotoxic shock. J Crit Care 1994;9(4):236-243.

Kinscherf, R., Fischbach, T., Mihm, S., Roth, S., Hohenhaus-Sievert, E., Weiss, C., Edler, L., Bartsch, P., and Droge, W. Effect of glutathione depletion and oral N-acetyl-cysteine treatment on CD4+ and CD8+ cells. FASEB J. 4-1-1994;8(6):448-451.

Chan, T. Y. and Critchley, J. A. Adverse reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine in Chinese patients with paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. Hum Exp.Toxicol. 1994;13(8):542-544.

Spies, C. D., Reinhart, K., Witt, I., Meier-Hellmann, A., Hannemann, L., Bredle, D. L., and Schaffartzik, W. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on indirect indicators of tissue oxygenation in septic shock patients: results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Crit Care Med 1994;22(11):1738-1746.

Jones, A. L., Bangash, I. H., Bouchier, I. A., and Hayes, P. C. Portal and systemic haemodynamic action of N-acetylcysteine in patients with stable cirrhosis. Gut 1994;35(9):1290-1293.

Hansen, N. C., Skriver, A., Brorsen-Riis, L., Balslov, S., Evald, T., Maltbaek, N., Gunnersen, G., Garsdal, P., Sander, P., Pedersen, J. Z., and . Orally administered N-acetylcysteine may improve general well-being in patients with mild chronic bronchitis. Respir.Med 1994;88(7):531-535.

Reid, M. B., Stokic, D. S., Koch, S. M., Khawli, F. A., and Leis, A. A. N-acetylcysteine inhibits muscle fatigue in humans. J Clin Invest 1994;94(6):2468-2474.

Chodosh, S., Baigelman, W., Medici, T. C., and Enslein, K. Long-term home use of acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975;17(4):319-334.

Bridgeman, M. M., Marsden, M., Selby, C., Morrison, D., and MacNee, W. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on the concentrations of thiols in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Thorax 1994;49(7):670-675.

Riise, G. C., Larsson, S., Larsson, P., Jeansson, S., and Andersson, B. A. The intrabronchial microbial flora in chronic bronchitis patients: a target for N-acetylcysteine therapy? Eur.Respir.J 1994;7(1):94-101.

Zhang, H., Spapen, H., Nguyen, D. N., Benlabed, M., Buurman, W. A., and Vincent, J. L. Protective effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine in endotoxemia. Am.J.Physiol 1994;266(5 Pt 2):H1746-H1754.

Yim, C. Y., Hibbs, J. B., Jr., McGregor, J. R., Galinsky, R. E., and Samlowski, W. E. Use of N-acetyl cysteine to increase intracellular glutathione during the induction of antitumor responses by IL-2. J Immunol. 6-15-1994;152(12):5796-5805.

Beloqui, O., Prieto, J., Suarez, M., Gil, B., Qian, C. H., Garcia, N., and Civeira, M. P. N-acetyl cysteine enhances the response to interferon-alpha in chronic hepatitis C: a pilot study. J.Interferon Res. 1993;13(4):279-282.

Suter, P. M., Domenighetti, G., Schaller, M. D., Laverriere, M. C., Ritz, R., and Perret, C. N-acetylcysteine enhances recovery from acute lung injury in man. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Chest 1994;105(1):190-194.

Ornaghi, F., Ferrini, S., Prati, M., and Giavini, E. The protective effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine against methyl mercury embryotoxicity in mice. Fundam.Appl Toxicol. 1993;20(4):437-445.

Eylar, E. H., Baez, I., Vazquez, A., and Yamamura, Y. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) enhances interleukin-2 but suppresses interleukin-4 secretion from normal and HIV+ CD4+ T-cells. Cell Mol.Biol (Noisy.-le-grand) 1995;41 Suppl 1:S35-S40.

Kottgen, M., Busch, A. E., Hug, M. J., Greger, R., and Kunzelmann, K. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and its derivatives activate a Cl- conductance in epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch 1996;431(4):549-555.

Spies, C., Giese, C., Meier-Hellmann, A., Specht, M., Hannemann, L., Schaffartzik, W., and Reinhart, K. [The effect of prophylactically administered n-acetylcysteine on clinical indicators for tissue oxygenation during hyperoxic ventilation in cardiac risk patients]. Anaesthesist 1996;45(4):343-350.

Sochman, J., Vrbska, J., Musilova, B., and Rocek, M. Infarct Size Limitation: acute N-acetylcysteine defense (ISLAND trial): preliminary analysis and report after the first 30 patients. Clin Cardiol. 1996;19(2):94-100.

Akerlund, B., Jarstrand, C., Lindeke, B., Sonnerborg, A., Akerblad, A. C., and Rasool, O. Effect of N-acetylcysteine(NAC) treatment on HIV-1 infection: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 1996;50(6):457-461.

Chirkov, Y. Y. and Horowitz, J. D. N-Acetylcysteine potentiates nitroglycerin-induced reversal of platelet aggregation. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol 1996;28(3):375-380.

Hershkovitz, E., Shorer, Z., Levitas, A., and Tal, A. Status epilepticus following intravenous N-acetylcysteine therapy. Isr.J Med Sci 1996;32(11):1102-1104.

DiMari, J., Megyesi, J., Udvarhelyi, N., Price, P., Davis, R., and Safirstein, R. N-acetyl cysteine ameliorates ischemic renal failure. Am J Physiol 1997;272(3 Pt 2):F292-F298.

Chen, P., Bauer, G., Mitchell, J., Factor, R., Markham, R., and Schwartz, D. H. N-acetyl-cysteine and L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid enhance contact-dependent growth of HIV in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro and increase recovery of HIV from human-PBMC SCID mice. AIDS 1997;11(1):33-41.

Bernard, G. R., Wheeler, A. P., Arons, M. M., Morris, P. E., Paz, H. L., Russell, J. A., and Wright, P. E. A trial of antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and procysteine in ARDS. The Antioxidant in ARDS Study Group. Chest 1997;112(1):164-172.

Stavem, K. [Anaphylactic reaction to N-acetylcysteine after poisoning with paracetamol]. Tidsskr.Nor Laegeforen. 5-30-1997;117(14):2038-2039.

Delneste, Y., Jeannin, P., Potier, L., Romero, P., and Bonnefoy, J. Y. N-acetyl-L-cysteine exhibits antitumoral activity by increasing tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent T-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 8-1-1997;90(3):1124-1132.

Jones, A. L., Jarvie, D. R., Simpson, D., Hayes, P. C., and Prescott, L. F. Pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine are altered in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment.Pharmacol Ther 1997;11(4):787-791.

Walton, N. G., Mann, T. A., and Shaw, K. M. Anaphylactoid reaction to N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 12-15-1979;2(8155):1298.

Sheikh-Hamad, D., Timmins, K., and Jalali, Z. Cisplatin-induced renal toxicity: possible reversal by N-acetylcysteine treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8(10):1640-1644.

Akerlund, B., Tynell, E., Bratt, G., Bielenstein, M., and Lidman, C. N-acetylcysteine treatment and the risk of toxic reactions to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in primary Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients. J Infect. 1997;35(2):143-147.

Urban, T., Akerlund, B., Jarstrand, C., and Lindeke, B. Neutrophil function and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-px) activity in healthy individuals after treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Biomed.Pharmacother. 1997;51(9):388-390.

Perry, H. E. and Shannon, M. W. Efficacy of oral versus intravenous N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose: results of an open-label, clinical trial. J Pediatr 1998;132(1):149-152.

Tecklin, J. S. and Holsclaw, D. S., Jr. Bronchial drainage with aerosol medications in cystic fibrosis. Phys.Ther 1976;56(9):999-1003.

Salom, M. G., Ramirez, P., Carbonell, L. F., Lopez, Conesa E., Cartagena, J., Quesada, T., Parrilla, P., and Fenoy, F. J. Protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on the renal failure induced by inferior vena cava occlusion. Transplantation 5-27-1998;65(10):1315-1321.

Spapen, H., Zhang, H., Demanet, C., Vleminckx, W., Vincent, J. L., and Huyghens, L. Does N-acetyl-L-cysteine influence cytokine response during early human septic shock? Chest 1998;113(6):1616-1624.

Look, M. P., Rockstroh, J. K., Rao, G. S., Barton, S., Lemoch, H., Kaiser, R., Kupfer, B., Sudhop, T., Spengler, U., and Sauerbruch, T. Sodium selenite and N-acetylcysteine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Eur.J Clin Invest 1998;28(5):389-397.

Cimino, L., Belisario, M. A., Intrieri, M., D'Ascoli, B., Sacchetti, L., Salvatore, F., and Budillon, G. Effect of N-acetyl-cysteine on lymphomonocyte glutathione and response to interferon treatment in C-virus chronic hepatitis. Ital.J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 1998;30(2):189-193.

Rattan, A. K. and Arad, Y. Temporal and kinetic determinants of the inhibition of LDL oxidation by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Atherosclerosis 1998;138(2):319-327.

Salahudeen, A., Poovala, V., Parry, W., Pande, R., Kanji, V., Ansari, N., Morrow, J., and Roberts, J. Cisplatin induces N-acetyl cysteine suppressible F2-isoprostane production and injury in renal tubular epithelial cells. J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 1998;9(8):1448-1455.

Binet, H., Simonart, T., Van Vooren, J. P., Heenen, M., Liesnard, C., Delforge, M. L., Farber, C. M., and Parent, D. Porphyria cutanea tarda in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: treatment with N-acetyl-cysteine. Int.J.Dermatol. 1998;37(9):718-719.

Walmsley, S. L., Khorasheh, S., Singer, J., and Djurdjev, O. A randomized trial of N-acetylcysteine for prevention of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole hypersensitivity reactions in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis (CTN 057). Canadian HIV Trials Network 057 Study Group. J Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr.Hum Retrovirol. 12-15-1998;19(5):498-505.

Shaikh, Z. A., Vu, T. T., and Zaman, K. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of chronic cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity and protection by antioxidants. Toxicol.Appl Pharmacol 2-1-1999;154(3):256-263.

Webb, J. G., Pate, G. E., Humphries, K. H., Buller, C. E., Shalansky, S., Al, Shamari A., Sutander, A., Williams, T., Fox, R. S., and Levin, A. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization: lack of effect. Am Heart J 2004;148(3):422-429.

Oldemeyer, J. B. C. E, Wuderman, R., Packard, K., and et al. Prophylactic acetylcysteine is not effective in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 2002;84A.

Goldenberg, I. J. M., Matetzki, S., Schechter, M, and et al. Contrast-associated nephropathy and clinical outcome of patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac catheterization: lack of additive benefit of acetylcysteine to saline hydration. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 2003;41:537A.

Pate, G. H. K, Shamaria, A., Williams, and et al. Intravenous acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy following coronary angiography. Circulation 2003;107:IV-445.

Bariffi, F. and Seccia, A. Ricerca controllata doppio-cieca sull' attivita dell' acetilcisteina per via orale in campo bronco-pneumologico. Clin.Ter. 1973;66:311-320.

Lemy-Debois, N., Frigerio, G., and Lualdi, P. Oral acetylcysteine in bronchopulmonary disease. Comparative clinical trial with bromhexine. Acta Ther 1978;4(2):125-132.

Kory, R. C., Hirsch, S. R., and Giraldo, J. Nebulization of N-acetylcysteine combined with a bronchodilator in patients with chronic bronchitis. A controlled study. Chest 1968;54(6):504-509.

Nahir, A. M., Scharf, J. M., and Szargel, R. Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on both ocular and oral manifestations of Sjogren's Syndrome. Curr Ther Res 1989;46:187-192.

Charley, G., Dean, B. S., and Krenzelok, E. P. Oral N-acetylcysteine-induced urticaria: a case report. Vet.Hum Toxicol. 1987;29:477.

Sridharan S, Ramamurthy N, and Shyamala CS. In vitro evaluation of the anticancer effect of N-acetylcysteine on oral carcinoma cell line. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2001;33:343-349.

Walker RE, Lane HC, and Boenning CM. The safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of N-acetylcysteine in HIV-infected individuals. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1992;16:89.

Gepts, L. Oral acetylcysteine treatment in exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in 49 patients. Eur J Respir.Dis 1980;61(Suppl 111):109.

Ravez, P., Delwarte, J., Lebert, P., and et al. Short treatment of respiratory disorders with an oral mucolytic agent. Double-blind study with acetycysteine vs. placebo. Eur J Respir.Dis 1980;61(Suppl 111):76.

Meister, R. Langzeittherapie mit Acetylcystein Retard-Tabletten bei Patienten mit chronischer Bronchitis. Eine doppelblinde-placebokontrollierte Studie. Forum Prakt Allg Arzt 1986;25:18-22.

Poder, G., Puskas, J., Kelemen, J., Kiss, A. G., and Cserhati, E. N-Acetylcystein bei chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis. Therapiewoche 1984;34:7047-7052.

Henneghien, C., Remacle, P., and Bruart, J. Study of the Nacetylcysteine (NAC) by oral or intravenous administration in chronic bronchitis. Curr Ther Res 1983;34:750-756.

Braum, D. Randomisierte Vergleichsstudie Sinupret Dragées vs. Fluimucil Granulat bei akuter und chronischer Sinusitis. 1986;

Baran, D. Klinischer Doppelblindversuch mit oralem Acetylcystein und Placebo bei zystischer Fibrose. Therapiewoche 1980;30:2034-2039.

Andreana, A., Zampino, R., Tonziello, A., Adinolfi, L. E., Utili, R., and Ruggiero, G. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or ofloxacin (OFLO) as adjunct to INFN failed to achieve response in chronic hepatitis C patients non responding to IFN alone: a phase II study. Hepatology 1997;26:218.

Loutrianakis, E., Stella, D., Hussain, A., Lewis, B., Steen, L., Sochanski, M., Leya, F., and Grassman, E. Randomized comparison of fenoldopam and N-acetylcysteine to saline in the prevention of radiocontrast induced nephropathy. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 2003;41:327A.

Gomes, V. O., Caramori, P., Lasevitch, R., Brizolara, A., Nery, P., Araujo, A., Hemesath, M., and Brito, F. S. Jr. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with N-acetylcysteine in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized multicenter trial. Circulation 2003;108:IV-460.

Nguyen-Ho, P., Dzavik, V., Seidelin, P., Daly, P., Ross, J., McLaughlin, P., Ing, D., Barolet, A., Schwartz, L., and Miner, S. E. N-acetylcysteine does not prevent long-term clinical events despite reducing periprocedural contrast-associated nephropathy. Circulation 2003;108:IV-445.

Agrawal, M., Wodlinger, A. M., Huggins, C. E., Tudor, G. E., Pieper, J. A., O'Reilly, K. P., Denu-Ciocca, C. J., Stouffer, G. A., and Ohman, E. M. Effect of Nacetylcysteine on serum creatinine concentration in patients with chronic renal insufficiency who are undergoing coronary

Doosti A, Lotfi Y, Moossavi A, Bakhshi E, Talasaz AH, Hoorzad A. Comparison of the effects of N-acetyl-cysteine and ginseng in prevention of noise induced hearing loss in male textile workers. Noise Health 2014;16(71):223-7.

Albabtain MA, Almasood A, Alshurafah H, et al. Efficacy of ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, or combination of both on top of saline hydration versus saline hydration alone on prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a prospective randomized study. J Interv Cardiol 2013;26(1):90-6.

Ali-Hassan-Sayegh S, Mirhosseini SJ, Rezaeisadrabadi M, et al. Antioxidant supplementations for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: an updated comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014;18(5):646-54.

Berk M, Dean OM, Cotton SM, et al. Maintenance N-acetyl cysteine treatment for bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. BMC Med 2012;10:91.

Bloch MH, Panza KE, Grant JE, et al. N-Acetylcysteine in the treatment of pediatric trichotillomania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;52(3):231-40.

Brueck M, Cengiz H, Hoeltgen R, et al. Usefulness of N-acetylcysteine or ascorbic acid versus placebo to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization: a single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Invasive Cardiol 2013;25(6):276-83.

Dean OM, Bush AI, Copolov DL, et al. Effects of N-acetyl cysteine on cognitive function in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012;66(6):514-7.

Ghanizadeh A, Moghimi-Sarani E. A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of N-acetylcysteine added to risperidone for treating autistic disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:196.

Gu WJ, Wu ZJ, Wang PF, et al. N-acetylcysteine supplementation for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2012;12:10.

Hardan AY, Fung LK, Libove RA, et al. A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism. Biol Psychiatry 2012;71(11):956-61.

Lai ZW, Hanczko R, Bonilla E, et al. N-acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target rapamycin in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(9):2937-46.

Magalhaes PV, Dean OM, Bush AI, et al. N-acetyl cysteine add-on treatment for bipolar II disorder: a subgroup analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2011;129(1-3):317-20.

Michailidis Y, Karagounis LG, Terzis G, et al. Thiol-based antioxidant supplementation alters human skeletal muscle signaling and attenuates its inflammatory response and recovery after intense eccentric exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98(1):233-45.

Oner G, Muderris II. Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin vs N-acetyl-cysteine in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;159(1):127-31.

Sacchinelli A, Venturella R, Lico D, et al. The efficacy of inositol and N-acetyl cysteine administration (Ovaric HP) in improving the ovarian function in infertile women with PCOS with or without insulin resistance. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014;2014:141020.

Salehpour S, Sene AA, Saharkhiz N, et al. N-Acetylcysteine as an adjuvant to clomiphene citrate for successful induction of ovulation in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2012;38(9):1182-6.

Slattery KM, Dascombe B, Wallace LK, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on cycling performance after intensified training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014;46(6):1114-23.

Acetadote [prescribing information]. Nashville, TN: Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc.; December 2008.

Acetylcysteine - inhalant [prescribing information]. Shirley, NY: American Regents Inc.; November 2011.

Thakker D, Raval A, Patel I, Walia R. N-acetylcysteine for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2015;2015:817849.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluation, 36th edition. Accessed 27 December 2016. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/@fdagov-drugs-gen/documents/document/ucm071436.pdf.

Dunning JR, Trella JD, Osterhoudt KC. A Novel Oral Formulation of N-Acetylcysteine. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Sep;32(9):652.

Giacoppo D, Gargiulo G, Buccheri S, et al. Preventive strategies for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures: evidence from a hierarchical Bayesian network meta-analysis of 124 trials and 28,240 patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2017 May;10(5).

Back SE, McCauley JL, Korte KJ, et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot trial of N-acetylcysteine in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;77(11):e1439-1446.

Su X, Xie X, Liu L, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 12 treatment strategies for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017 Jan;69(1):69-77.

Johnson K, McEvoy CE, Naqvi S, et al. High-dose oral N-acetylcysteine fails to improve respiratory health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016 Apr 21;11:799-807.

Bloch MH, Panza KE, Yaffa A, et al. N-Acetylcysteine in the treatment of pediatric Tourette syndrome: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 May;26(4):327-34.

Jenkins DD, Wiest DB, Mulvihill DM, et al. Fetal and neonatal effects of N-acetylcysteine when used for neuroprotection in maternal chorioamnionitis. J Pediatr. 2016 Jan;168:67-76.e6.

Yoon H, Lee DH, Jang ES, et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on first-line sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Gut Liver. 2016 Jul 15;10(4):520-5.

Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest. 2015 Apr;147(4):894-942.

Pasupathy S, Tavella R, Grover S, et al. Early use of N-acetylcysteine with nitrate therapy in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction reduces myocardial infarct size (the NACIAM Trial [N-acetylcysteine in acute myocardial infarction]). Circulation. 2017 Sept 5;136(10):894-903.

Costa DLC, Diniz JB, Requena G, et al. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;78(7):e799-e773.

Fowdar K, Chen H, He Z, et al. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Heart Lung. 2017 Mar-Apr;46(2):120-128.

Dean OM, Gray KM, Villagonzalo KA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a fixed dose of N-acetylcysteine in children with autistic disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017 Mar;51(3):241-49.

Paydary K, Akamaloo A, Ahmadipour A, Pishgar F, Emamzadehfard S, Akhondzadeh S. N-acetylcysteine augmentation therapy for moderate-to-severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2016 Apr;41(2):214-9.

Kranzer K, Elamin WF, Cox H, Seddon JA, Ford N, Drobniewski F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine in preventing aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity: implications for the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB. Thorax. 2015 Nov;70(11):1070-7.

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). GOLD 2017 global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2017 report. Accessed June 24, 2018.

Marchiori D, Zanello PP. Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine, D-mannose and Morinda citrifolia to treat recurrent cystitis in breast cancer survivals. In Vivo. 2017 Sep-Oct;31(5):931-936.

Schmidl D, Werkmeister R, Kaya S, et al. A Controlled, Randomized Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Chitosan-N-Acetylcysteine for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33(5):375-382.

Breier A, Liffick E, Hummer TA, et al. Effects of 12-month, double-blind N-acetyl cysteine on symptoms, cognition and brain morphology in early phase schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res. 2018;199:395-402.

Ellegaard PK, Licht RW, Nielsen RE, et al. The efficacy of adjunctive N-acetylcysteine in acute bipolar depression: A randomized placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:1043-1051.

Fontes LES, Martimbianco ALC, Zanin C, Riera R. N-acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2:CD012357.

Grendar J, Ouellet JF, McKay A, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on liver recovery after resection: A randomized clinical trial. J Surg Oncol. 2016;114(4):446-50.

He G, Li Q, Li W, Wang L, Yang J, Zeng F. N-Acetylcysteine for Preventing of Acute Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Metaanalysis. Heart Surg Forum. 2018;21(6):E513-E521.

Jannatifar R, Parivar K, Roodbari NH, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Effects of N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation on sperm quality, chromatin integrity and level of oxidative stress in infertile men. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2019;17(1):24.

Lete I, Mendoza N, de la Viuda E, Carmona F. Effectiveness of an antioxidant preparation with N-acetyl cysteine, alpha lipoic acid and bromelain in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: LEAP study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;228:221-224.

Messina M, Dua HS. Early results on the use of chitosan-N-acetylcysteine (Lacrimera) in the management of dry eye disease of varied etiology. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39(3):693-696.

Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Cavalli F, Matera MG, Cazzola M. Pirfenidone, nintedanib and N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2016;40:95-103.

Oliveira CP, Cotrim HP, Stefano JT, Siqueira ACG, Salgado ALA, Parise ER. N-Acetylcysteine and/or ursodeoxycholic acid associated with metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: an open-label multicenter randomized controlled trial. Arq Gastroenterol 2019;56(2):184-90.

Qi Q, Ailiyaer Y, Liu R, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations of bronchiectasis (BENE): a randomized controlled trial. Respir Res 2019;20(1):73.

Christensen PM, Bangsbo J. N-Acetyl cysteine does not improve repeated intense endurance cycling performance of well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019;119(6):1419-29.

Product information for acetylcysteine inhalant. American Regent, Inc., Shirley, NY. May 2014.