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Melatonin

Chemical Name

C13H16N2O2

Immune support

High quality deep sleep is key to a healthy immune system. Melatonin can enhance sleep duration and quality and works as a potent and widespread anti-inflammatory agent. Several studies have shown that melatonin can regulate the activation of the immune system, reducing chronic and acute inflammation.


Melatonin enhances both innate and cellular immunity. It stimulates the production of progenitor cells of granulocytes and macrophages and of NK cells. Production of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12 is stimulated by melatonin. Increased T-helper production, particularly of CD4+ cells, occurs after melatonin supplementation.


Other uses

Trouble falling asleep at a conventional bedtime (delayed sleep phase syndrome). Taking melatonin by mouth appears to reduce the length of time needed to fall asleep in young adults and children who have trouble falling asleep. However, within one year of stopping treatment, this sleeping problem seems to return.
Non-24-hour sleep wake disorder. Taking melatonin at bedtime seems to improve sleep in children and adults who are blind.
Sleep disturbance caused by certain blood pressure medicine (beta blocker-induced insomnia). Beta-blocker drugs, such as atenolol and propranolol, are a class of drugs that seem to lower melatonin levels. This might cause problems sleeping. Research shows that taking a melatonin supplement might reduce problems sleeping in patients taking beta-blocker drugs.
A painful uterine disorder (endometriosis). Taking melatonin daily for 8 weeks seems to reduce pain and painkiller use in women with endometriosis. It also reduces pain during menstruation, intercourse, and while going to the bathroom.
High blood pressure. Taking the controlled-release form of melatonin before bedtime seems to lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Immediate-release formulations do not seem to work.
Insomnia. Taking melatonin short-term seems to shorten the amount of time it takes to fall asleep in people with insomnia, but only by about 7-12 minutes. Melatonin might also increase the amount of time that a person with insomnia spends sleeping. But results are conflicting, and any benefit is small at best. Some people say melatonin makes them sleep better, even though tests do not agree. There is some evidence that melatonin is more likely to help older people than younger people or children. This may be because older people have less melatonin in their bodies to start with. There is also interest using melatonin for people with insomnia and other conditions. Research shows that melatonin might improve sleeping trouble related to conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism, developmental disabilities, and intellectual disabilities. But it's unclear if melatonin improves sleep problems in people with Alzheimer disease, dementia, Parkinson disease, traumatic brain injury, substance use disorders, or in people undergoing dialysis.
Jet lag. Most research shows that melatonin can improve certain symptoms of jet lag such as alertness and movement coordination. Melatonin also seems to slightly improve other jet lag symptoms such as daytime sleepiness and tiredness. But, melatonin might not be effective for shortening the time it takes for people with jet lag to fall asleep.
Anxiety before surgery. Melatonin used under the tongue seems to be as effective at reducing anxiety before surgery as midazolam, a conventional medication. It also seems to have fewer side effects in some people. Taking melatonin by mouth also seems to reduce anxiety before surgery, although some conflicting evidence exists. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that taking melatonin before sevoflurane anesthesia reduces agitation after surgery.
Tumors without cysts or liquid (solid tumors). Taking high doses of melatonin with chemotherapy or other cancer treatments might reduce tumor size and improve survival rates in people with tumors.
Sunburn. Applying melatonin gel to the skin before sun exposure seems to prevent sunburn. Applying melatonin cream to the skin before sun exposure seems to help people that are very sensitive to sunlight. But melatonin cream might not prevent sunburn in people with less sensitive skin.
A group of painful conditions that affect the jaw joint and muscle (temporomandibular disorders or TMD). Research suggests that taking melatonin at bedtime for 4 weeks reduces pain by 44% and increases tolerance to pain by 39% in women with jaw pain.
Low levels of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia). Taking melatonin by mouth can improve low blood platelet counts associated with cancer, cancer treatment, and other disorders.

How it works

Melatonin's main job in the body is to regulate night and day cycles or sleep-wake cycles. Darkness causes the body to produce more melatonin, which signals the body to prepare for sleep. Light decreases melatonin production and signals the body to prepare for being awake. Some people who have trouble sleeping have low levels of melatonin. It is thought that adding melatonin from supplements might help them sleep.


Safety

When taken by mouth: Melatonin is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when taken by mouth short-term. Melatonin is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately, long-term. Melatonin has been used safely for up to 2 years in some people. However, it can cause some side effects including headache, short-term feelings of depression, daytime sleepiness, dizziness, stomach cramps, and irritability. Do not drive or use machinery for four to five hours after taking melatonin.


When applied to the skin: Melatonin is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when applied directly to the skin short-term.


When given by IV: Melatonin is POSSIBLY SAFE when injected directly into the body under the supervision of a health care professional.


Special Precautions & Warnings:


Pregnancy: Melatonin is POSSIBLY UNSAFE for women when taken by mouth or injected into the body frequently or in high doses when trying to become pregnant. Melatonin might have effects similar to birth control. This might make it more difficult to become pregnant. There's not enough reliable information to know if melatonin is safe in lower doses when trying to become pregnant. Some evidence suggests that low doses (2-3 mg daily) might be safe, but additional research is needed to confirm. Not enough is known about the safety of melatonin when used during pregnancy. Until more is known, it's best not to use melatonin while pregnant or trying to become pregnant.


Breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the safety of using melatonin when breast-feeding. It is best not to use it.

Children: Melatonin is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth, short-term. Melatonin is usually well tolerated when taken in doses up to 3 mg per day in children and 5 mg per day in adolescents. There is some concern that melatonin might interfere with development during adolescence. While this still needs to be confirmed, melatonin should be reserved for children with a medical need. There isn't enough evidence to know if melatonin is safe in children when taken by mouth, long-term.


Bleeding disorders: Melatonin might make bleeding worse in people with bleeding disorders.


Depression: Melatonin can make symptoms of depression worse.


Diabetes: Melatonin might increase blood sugar in people with diabetes. Monitor your blood sugar carefully, if you have diabetes and take melatonin.


High blood pressure: Melatonin can raise blood pressure in people who are taking certain medications to control blood pressure. Avoid using it.


Seizure disorders: Using melatonin might increase the risk of having a seizure.


Transplant recipients: Melatonin can increase immune function and might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy used by people receiving transplants.

Interactions with medications

Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

The body makes melatonin. Birth control pills seem to increase how much melatonin the body makes. Taking melatonin along with birth control pills might cause too much melatonin to be in the body.

Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.


Caffeine

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Caffeine might increase or decrease melatonin levels in the body. When taken together with melatonin supplements, caffeine seems to increase melatonin levels.


Flumazenil (Romazicon)

Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Flumazenil (Romazicon) might decrease the effects of melatonin. It is not yet clear why this interaction occurs. Taking flumazenil (Romazicon) along with melatonin might decrease the effectiveness of melatonin supplements.


Fluvoxamine (Luvox)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Taking fluvoxamine (Luvox) can increase the amount of melatonin that the body absorbs. Taking melatonin along with fluvoxamine (Luvox) might increase the effects and side effects of melatonin.


Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking melatonin along with some medications that are broken down by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking melatonin, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include acetaminophen (Tylenol), amitriptyline (Elavil), nortriptyline (Pamelor), clopidogrel (Plavix), clozapine (Clozaril), diazepam (Valium), estradiol, olanzapine (Zyprexa), ondansetron (Zofran), propranolol (Inderal), ropinirole (Requip), tacrine (Cognex), theophylline, verapamil (Calan, Covera-HS, Isoptin, Verelan), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.


Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking melatonin along with some medications that are broken down by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking melatonin, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include amitriptyline (Elavil), carisoprodol (Soma), citalopram (Celexa), diazepam (Valium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), phenytoin (Dilantin), warfarin, and many others.


Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates)

Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking melatonin along with some medications that are broken down by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking melatonin, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include citalopram (Celexa), amitriptyline (Elavil), codeine, oxycodone, desipramine (Norpramin), flecainide (Tambocor), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), ondansetron (Zofran), paroxetine (Paxil), risperidone (Risperdal), tramadol (Ultram), venlafaxine (Effexor), and others.


Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)

Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking melatonin along with some medications that are broken down by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking melatonin, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include oxycodone, cyclosporin (Neoral, Sandimmune), lovastatin (Mevacor), clarithromycin (Biaxin), indinavir (Crixivan), sildenafil (Viagra), triazolam (Halcion), and others.


Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

There is some concern that melatonin might increase or decrease blood sugar. Diabetes medications are used to lower blood sugar. By affecting blood sugar, melatonin might decrease or increase the effectiveness of diabetes medications. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.

Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.


Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Melatonin might decrease blood pressure in healthy people. However, melatonin might make blood pressure worse in people who are already taking medications for high blood pressure. Do not take too much melatonin if you are taking medications for high blood pressure.

Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.


Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Melatonin might increase the immune system. Taking melatonin along with medications that decrease the immune system might decrease the effectiveness of medications that decrease the immune system.

Some medications that decrease the immune system include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), and others.


Medications that increase the chance of having a seizure (Seizure threshold lowering drugs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Melatonin might increase the frequency of seizures in some people, particularly children. Taking melatonin with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk of a seizure.

Some medications that lower seizure threshold include anesthetics (propofol, others), antiarrhythmics (mexiletine), antibiotics (amphotericin, penicillin, cephalosporins, imipenem), antidepressants (bupropion, others), antihistamines (cyproheptadine, others), immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), narcotics (fentanyl, others), stimulants (methylphenidate), theophylline, and others.


Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Melatonin might slow blood clotting. Taking melatonin along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.

Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.


Medications used to prevent seizures (Anticonvulsants)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Melatonin might increase the frequency of seizures in some people, particularly children with multiple neurological disorders. In theory, taking melatonin might decrease the effectiveness of medications used to prevent seizures.

Some medications used to prevent seizures include phenobarbital, primidone (Mysoline), valproic acid (Depakene), gabapentin (Neurontin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), and others.


Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Taking melatonin with methamphetamine might increase the effects and side effects of methamphetamine.


Nifedipine GITS (Procardia XL)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Nifedipine GITS (Procardia XL) is used to lower blood pressure. Taking melatonin might decrease the effectiveness of nifedipine GITS for lowering blood pressure.


Sedative medications (Benzodiazepines)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Melatonin might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Drugs that cause sleepiness and drowsiness are called sedatives. Taking melatonin along with sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness.

Some of these sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and others.


Sedative medications (CNS depressants)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Melatonin might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Medications that cause sleepiness are called sedatives. Taking melatonin along with sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness.

Some sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), phenobarbital (Donnatal), zolpidem (Ambien), and others.


Verapamil (Calan, others)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

The body breaks down melatonin to get rid of it. Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) can increase how quickly the body gets rid of melatonin. Taking melatonin along with verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) might decrease the effectiveness of melatonin.


Warfarin (Coumadin)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Talk to your health provider.

Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Melatonin might increase the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). Taking melatonin along with warfarin (Coumadin) might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.


Interactions with Herbs, Supplements, and Foods

Caffeine

Caffeine might increase or decrease melatonin levels in the body. When taken together with melatonin supplements, caffeine seems to increase melatonin levels.


Echinacea

Taking echinacea together with melatonin might have negative effects on immune function.

Herbs and supplements that might lower blood pressure

Melatonin might lower blood pressure. Using it along with other herbs and supplements that have this same effect might increase the risk of blood pressure dropping too low in some people. Some of these products include andrographis, casein peptides, cat's claw, coenzyme Q-10, fish oil, L-arginine, lycium, stinging nettle, theanine, and others.


Herbs and supplements that might lower seizure threshold

Melatonin might increase the risk for seizures in some people, particularly in children. Taking supplements that also lower seizure threshold with melatonin might increase the risk even more. Some of these supplements include butanediol (BD), cedar leaf, Chinese club moss, EDTA, folic acid, gamma butyrolactone (GBL), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), glutamine, huperzine A, hydrazine sulfate, hyssop oil, juniper, L-carnitine, rosemary, sage, wormwood, and others.


Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting

Melatonin might increase the effect of herbs that slow blood clotting and might increase the risk of bleeding in some people. These herbs include angelica, clove, danshen, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, Panax ginseng, red clover, willow, and others.


Herbs and supplements with sedative properties

Using melatonin along with herbs that have sedative properties might increase the effects and side effects of melatonin. Some of these supplements include 5-HTP, calamus, California poppy, catnip, hops, Jamaican dogwood, kava, St. John's wort, skullcap, valerian, yerba mansa, and others.


St. John's wort

Taking St. John's wort increases melatonin levels in the body. In theory, taking St. John's wort with melatonin might increase both the effects and side effects of melatonin.


Vitamin B12

Taking vitamin B12 might reduce blood levels of melatonin.


Vitex agnus-castus

Taking vitex agnus-castus increases melatonin levels in the body. In theory, taking vitex agnus-castus with melatonin might increase both the effects and side effects of melatonin.


There are no known interactions with food


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Chen, J. C., Ng, C. J., Chiu, T. F., and Chen, H. M. Altered neutrophil apoptosis activity is reversed by melatonin in liver ischemia-reperfusion. J Pineal Res 2003;34(4):260-264.

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Jansen, S. L., Forbes, D. A., Duncan, V., and Morgan, D. G. Melatonin for cognitive impairment. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(1):CD003802.

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Peres, M. F., Masruha, M. R., Zukerman, E., Moreira-Filho, C. A., and Cavalheiro, E. A. Potential therapeutic use of melatonin in migraine and other headache disorders. Expert.Opin.Investig.Drugs 2006;15(4):367-375.

Sury, M. R. and Fairweather, K. The effect of melatonin on sedation of children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Br.J Anaesth. 2006;97(2):220-225.

Capuzzo, M., Zanardi, B., Schiffino, E., Buccoliero, C., Gragnaniello, D., Bianchi, S., and Alvisi, R. Melatonin does not reduce anxiety more than placebo in the elderly undergoing surgery. Anesth.Analg. 2006;103(1):121-3, table.

Weekley, L. B. Melatonin-induced relaxation of rat aorta: interaction with adrenergic agonists. J Pineal Res 1991;11(1):28-34.

Pignone, A. M., Rosso, A. D., Fiori, G., Matucci-Cerinic, M., Becucci, A., Tempestini, A., Livi, R., Generini, S., Gramigna, L., Benvenuti, C., Carossino, A. M., Conforti, M. L., and Perfetto, F. Melatonin is a safe and effective treatment for chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. J Pineal Res 2006;41(2):95-100.

Ibrahim, M. G., Bellomo, R., Hart, G. K., Norman, T. R., Goldsmith, D., Bates, S., and Egi, M. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomised pilot study of nocturnal melatonin in tracheostomised patients. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(3):187-191.

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Turkistani, A., Abdullah, K. M., Al Shaer, A. A., Mazen, K. F., and Alkatheri, K. Melatonin premedication and the induction dose of propofol. Eur.J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24(5):399-402.

Naguib, M., Samarkandi, A. H., Moniem, M. A., Mansour, Eel, Alshaer, A. A., Al Ayyaf, H. A., Fadin, A., and Alharby, S. W. The effects of melatonin premedication on propofol and thiopental induction dose-response curves: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Anesth.Analg. 2006;103(6):1448-1452.

Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Abreu-Gonzalez, P., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. J., Kaski, J. C., Reiter, R. J., and Jimenez-Sosa, A. A unicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of Melatonin as an Adjunct in patients with acute myocaRdial Infarction undergoing primary Angioplasty The Melatonin Adjunct in the acute myocaRdial Infarction treated with Angioplasty (MARIA) trial: study design and rationale. Contemp.Clin Trials 2007;28(4):532-539.

Ravindra, T., Lakshmi, N. K., and Ahuja, Y. R. Melatonin in pathogenesis and therapy of cancer. Indian J Med Sci. 2006;60(12):523-535.

Jaworek, J. Ghrelin and melatonin in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion and maintaining of integrity. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006;57 Suppl 5:83-96.

van der Heijden, K. B., Smits, M. G., van Someren, E. J., Ridderinkhof, K. R., and Gunning, W. B. Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. J Am Acad.Child Adolesc.Psychiatry 2007;46(2):233-241.

Suresh Kumar PN, Andrade C, Bhakta SG, and Singh NM. Melatonin in schizophrenic outpatients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(2):237-41.

Medeiros CA, Carvalhedo de Bruin PF, Lopes LA, et al. Effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Neurol 2007;254(4):459-64.

Berk, L., Berkey, B., Rich, T., Hrushesky, W., Blask, D., Gallagher, M., Kudrimoti, M., McGarry, R. C., Suh, J., and Mehta, M. Randomized phase II trial of high-dose melatonin and radiation therapy for RPA class 2 patients with brain metastases (RTOG 0119). Int.J Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys. 7-1-2007;68(3):852-857.

Klupinska, G., Poplawski, T., Drzewoski, J., Harasiuk, A., Reiter, R. J., Blasiak, J., and Chojnacki, J. Therapeutic effect of melatonin in patients with functional dyspepsia. J.Clin.Gastroenterol. 2007;41(3):270-274.

Forrest, C. M., Mackay, G. M., Stoy, N., Stone, T. W., and Darlington, L. G. Inflammatory status and kynurenine metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis treated with melatonin. Br.J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64(4):517-526.

Vandewalle, G., Middleton, B., Rajaratnam, S. M., Stone, B. M., Thorleifsdottir, B., Arendt, J., and Dijk, D. J. Robust circadian rhythm in heart rate and its variability: influence of exogenous melatonin and photoperiod. J Sleep Res 2007;16(2):148-155.

Bjorvatn, B., Stangenes, K., Oyane, N., Forberg, K., Lowden, A., Holsten, F., and Akerstedt, T. Randomized placebo-controlled field study of the effects of bright light and melatonin in adaptation to night work. Scand.J Work Environ.Health 2007;33(3):204-214.

Vissers, F. H., Knipschild, P. G., and Crebolder, H. F. Is melatonin helpful in stopping the long-term use of hypnotics? A discontinuation trial. Pharm.World Sci. 2007;29(6):641-646.

Wade AG, Ford I, Crawford G, et al. Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23(10):2597-605.

Peles, E., Hetzroni, T., Bar-Hamburger, R., Adelson, M., and Schreiber, S. Melatonin for perceived sleep disturbances associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal among patients in methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Addiction 2007;102(12):1947-1953.

Lopez-Gonzalez, M. A., Santiago, A. M., and Esteban-Ortega, F. Sulpiride and melatonin decrease tinnitus perception modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway. J Otolaryngol. 2007;36(4):213-219.

Caumo, W., Torres, F., Moreira, N. L., Jr., Auzani, J. A., Monteiro, C. A., Londero, G., Ribeiro, D. F., and Hidalgo, M. P. The clinical impact of preoperative melatonin on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth.Analg. 2007;105(5):1263-71, table.

Lemoine P, Nir T, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects. J Sleep Res 2007;16(4):372-80.

Dowling GA, Burr RL, Van Someren EJ, et al. Melatonin and bright-light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56(2):239-46.

Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., and Tamura, H. Melatonin defeats neurally-derived free radicals and reduces the associated neuromorphological and neurobehavioral damage. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;58 Suppl 6:5-22.

Konturek, S. J., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., and Bubenik, G. A. Role of melatonin in upper gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;58 Suppl 6:23-52.

Wirtz, P. H., Spillmann, M., Bartschi, C., Ehlert, U., and von Kanel, R. Oral melatonin reduces blood coagulation activity: a placebo-controlled study in healthy young men. J Pineal Res 2008;44(2):127-133.

Liang, R., Nickkholgh, A., Hoffmann, K., Kern, M., Schneider, H., Sobirey, M., Zorn, M., Buchler, M. W., and Schemmer, P. Melatonin protects from hepatic reperfusion injury through inhibition of IKK and JNK pathways and modification of cell proliferation. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):8-14.

Vazquez, M. I., Forcada, F., Casao, A., Sosa, C., Palacin, I., and Abecia, J. A. Effects of melatonin and undernutrition on the viability of ovine embryos during anestrus and the breeding season. Anim Reprod.Sci. 2009;112(1-2):83-94.

Ortiz-Lopez, L., Morales-Mulia, S., Ramirez-Rodriguez, G., and Benitez-King, G. ROCK-regulated cytoskeletal dynamics participate in the inhibitory effect of melatonin on cancer cell migration. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):15-21.

Kang, J. T., Koo, O. J., Kwon, D. K., Park, H. J., Jang, G., Kang, S. K., and Lee, B. C. Effects of melatonin on in vitro maturation of porcine oocyte and expression of melatonin receptor RNA in cumulus and granulosa cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):22-28.

Manjunatha, B. M., Devaraj, M., Gupta, P. S., Ravindra, J. P., and Nandi, S. Effect of taurine and melatonin in the culture medium on buffalo in vitro embryo development. Reprod.Domest.Anim 2009;44(1):12-16.

Baykara, B., Tekmen, I., Pekcetin, C., Ulukus, C., Tuncel, P., Sagol, O., Ormen, M., and Ozogul, C. The protective effects of carnosine and melatonin in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat liver. Acta Histochem. 2009;111(1):42-51.

Sarabia, L., Maurer, I., and Bustos-Obregon, E. Melatonin prevents damage elicited by the organophosphorous pesticide diazinon on the mouse testis. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf 2009;72(3):938-942.

Sarabia, L., Maurer, I., and Bustos-Obregon, E. Melatonin prevents damage elicited by the organophosphorous pesticide diazinon on mouse sperm DNA. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf 2009;72(2):663-668.

Korkmaz, A., Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., Tan, D. X., and Reiter, R. J. Role of melatonin in the epigenetic regulation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res.Treat. 2009;115(1):13-27.

Valero, N., Nery, A., Bonilla, E., Espina, L. M., Chacin-Bonilla, L., Anez, F., Maldonado, M., and Melean, E. Antagonistic effect of luzindole in mice treated with melatonin during the infection with the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Neurochem.Res. 2009;34(2):268-273.

Guizar-Sahagun, G., Rodriguez-Balderas, C. A., Franco-Bourland, R. E., Martinez-Cruz, A., Grijalva, I., Ibarra, A., and Madrazo, I. Lack of neuroprotection with pharmacological pretreatment in a paradigm for anticipated spinal cord lesions. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(2):156-160.

Lu, W. Z., Song, G. H., Gwee, K. A., and Ho, K. Y. The effects of melatonin on colonic transit time in normal controls and IBS patients. Dig.Dis.Sci. 2009;54(5):1087-1093.

Scott, P. R., Sargison, N. D., Macrae, A. I., and Gough, M. R. Melatonin treatment prior to the normal breeding season increases fetal number in United Kingdom sheep flocks. Vet.J. 2009;182(2):198-202.

Manda, K., Ueno, M., and Anzai, K. Cranial irradiation-induced inhibition of neurogenesis in hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mice: attenuation by melatonin pretreatment. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):71-78.

Korkmaz, A., Tamura, H., Manchester, L. C., Ogden, G. B., Tan, D. X., and Reiter, R. J. Combination of melatonin and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist induces apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):115-116.

Ramadan, T. A., Taha, T. A., Samak, M. A., and Hassan, A. Effectiveness of exposure to longday followed by melatonin treatment on semen characteristics of Damascus male goats during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Theriogenology 2009;71(3):458-468.

Rimmele, U., Spillmann, M., Bartschi, C., Wolf, O. T., Weber, C. S., Ehlert, U., and Wirtz, P. H. Melatonin improves memory acquisition under stress independent of stress hormone release. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009;202(4):663-672.

Luchetti, F., Betti, M., Canonico, B., Arcangeletti, M., Ferri, P., Galli, F., and Papa, S. ERK MAPK activation mediates the antiapoptotic signaling of melatonin in UVB-stressed U937 cells. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 2-1-2009;46(3):339-351.

Caumo, W., Levandovski, R., and Hidalgo, M. P. Preoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J.Pain 2009;10(1):100-108.

Li, H. L., Kang, Y. M., Yu, L., Xu, H. Y., and Zhao, H. Melatonin reduces blood pressure in rats with stress-induced hypertension via GABAA receptors. Clin.Exp.Pharmacol.Physiol 2009;36(4):436-440.

Cagnacci, A., Elliott, J. A., and Yen, S. S. Amplification of pulsatile LH secretion by exogenous melatonin in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73(1):210-212.

Huang, L. T., Tiao, M. M., Tain, Y. L., Chen, C. C., and Hsieh, C. S. Melatonin ameliorates bile duct ligation-induced systemic oxidative stress and spatial memory deficits in developing rats. Pediatr.Res. 2009;65(2):176-180.

Pei, M., He, F., Wei, L., and Rawson, A. Melatonin enhances cartilage matrix synthesis by porcine articular chondrocytes. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):181-187.

Lahiri, S., Singh, P., Singh, S., Rasheed, N., Palit, G., and Pant, K. K. Melatonin protects against experimental reflux esophagitis. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):207-213.

Koch BC, Nagtegaal JE, Hagen EC, et al. The effects of melatonin on sleep-wake rhythm of daytime haemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study (EMSCAP study). Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67(1):68-75.

Esposito, E., Genovese, T., Caminiti, R., Bramanti, P., Meli, R., and Cuzzocrea, S. Melatonin reduces stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases in spinal cord injury. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):79-86.

Caballero, B., Vega-Naredo, I., Sierra, V., Huidobro-Fernandez, C., Soria-Valles, C., De Gonzalo-Calvo, D., Tolivia, D., Pallas, M., Camins, A., Rodriguez-Colunga, M. J., and Coto-Montes, A. Melatonin alters cell death processes in response to age-related oxidative stress in the brain of senescence-accelerated mice. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):106-114.

MacFarlane, J. G., Cleghorn, J. M., Brown, G. M., and Streiner, D. L. The effects of exogenous melatonin on the total sleep time and daytime alertness of chronic insomniacs: a preliminary study. Biol.Psychiatry 8-15-1991;30(4):371-376.

Solmaz, I., Gurkanlar, D., Gokcil, Z., Goksoy, C., Ozkan, M., and Erdogan, E. Antiepileptic activity of melatonin in guinea pigs with pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Neurol.Res. 2009;31(9):989-995.

Chen, Z., Chua, C. C., Gao, J., Chua, K. W., Ho, Y. S., Hamdy, R. C., and Chua, B. H. Prevention of ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac apoptosis and injury by melatonin is independent of glutathione peroxdiase 1. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):235-241.

Takasaki, A., Tamura, H., Taniguchi, K., Asada, H., Taketani, T., Matsuoka, A., Yamagata, Y., Shimamura, K., Morioka, H., and Sugino, N. Luteal blood flow and luteal function. J.Ovarian.Res. 2009;2:1.

Gehrman, P. R., Connor, D. J., Martin, J. L., Shochat, T., Corey-Bloom, J., and Ancoli-Israel, S. Melatonin fails to improve sleep or agitation in double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of institutionalized patients with Alzheimer disease. Am.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2009;17(2):166-169.

Bharti, V. K. and Srivastava, R. S. Fluoride-induced oxidative stress in rat's brain and its amelioration by buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) pineal proteins and melatonin. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 2009;130(2):131-140.

Regodon, S., Ramos, A., Morgado, S., Tarazona, R., Martin-Palomino, P., Rosado, J. A., and Miguez, Mdel P. Melatonin enhances the immune response to vaccination against A1 and C strains of Dichelobacter nodosus. Vaccine 3-4-2009;27(10):1566-1570.

Cucina, A., Proietti, S., D'Anselmi, F., Coluccia, P., Dinicola, S., Frati, L., and Bizzarri, M. Evidence for a biphasic apoptotic pathway induced by melatonin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):172-180.

Diez, E. R., Prados, L. V., Carrion, A., Ponce, Z. A., and Miatello, R. M. A novel electrophysiologic effect of melatonin on ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):155-160.

Sung, J. H., Cho, E. H., Kim, M. O., and Koh, P. O. Identification of proteins differentially expressed by melatonin treatment in cerebral ischemic injury--a proteomics approach. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):300-306.

Regodon, S., del Prado, Miguez M., Jardin, I., Lopez, J. J., Ramos, A., Paredes, S. D., and Rosado, J. A. Melatonin, as an adjuvant-like agent, enhances platelet responsiveness. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):275-285.

Tajes, Orduna M., Pelegri, Gabalda C., Vilaplana, Hortensi J., Pallas, Lliberia M., and Camins, Espuny A. An evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in an in vitro experimental model of age-induced neuronal apoptosis. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):262-267.

Tamura, E. K., Cecon, E., Monteiro, A. W., Silva, C. L., and Markus, R. P. Melatonin inhibits LPS-induced NO production in rat endothelial cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):268-274.

Maity, P., Bindu, S., Dey, S., Goyal, M., Alam, A., Pal, C., Reiter, R., and Bandyopadhyay, U. Melatonin reduces indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal cell apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress and the activation of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):314-323.

Ambriz-Tututi, M., Rocha-Gonzalez, H. I., Cruz, S. L., and Granados-Soto, V. Melatonin: a hormone that modulates pain. Life Sci. 4-10-2009;84(15-16):489-498.

Kaji, H., Inukai, Y., Maiguma, T., Ono, H., Teshima, D., Hiramoto, K., and Makino, K. Radical scavenging activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids and traditional prophylactics against chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. J.Clin.Pharm.Ther. 2009;34(2):197-205.

Vazquez, M. I., Forcada, F., Casao, A., Abecia, J. A., Sosa, C., and Palacin, I. Undernutrition and exogenous melatonin can affect the in vitro developmental competence of ovine oocytes on a seasonal basis. Reprod.Domest.Anim 2010;45(4):677-684.

Wang, X., Figueroa, B. E., Stavrovskaya, I. G., Zhang, Y., Sirianni, A. C., Zhu, S., Day, A. L., Kristal, B. S., and Friedlander, R. M. Methazolamide and melatonin inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome C release and are neuroprotective in experimental models of ischemic injury. Stroke 2009;40(5):1877-1885.

Ismail, S. A. and Mowafi, H. A. Melatonin provides anxiolysis, enhances analgesia, decreases intraocular pressure, and promotes better operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia. Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(4):1146-1151.

Gogenur, I., Kucukakin, B., Bisgaard, T., Kristiansen, V., Hjortso, N. C., Skene, D. J., and Rosenberg, J. The effect of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(4):1152-1156.

Kurcer, Z., Hekimoglu, A., Aral, F., Baba, F., and Sahna, E. Effect of melatonin on epididymal sperm quality after testicular ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Fertil.Steril. 3-15-2010;93(5):1545-1549.

Benitez-King, G., Soto-Vega, E., and Ramirez-Rodriguez, G. Melatonin modulates microfilament phenotypes in epithelial cells: implications for adhesion and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Histol.Histopathol. 2009;24(6):789-799.

Makay, B., Makay, O., Yenisey, C., Icoz, G., Ozgen, G., Unsal, E., Akyildiz, M., and Yetkin, E. The interaction of oxidative stress response with cytokines in the thyrotoxic rat: is there a link? Mediators.Inflamm. 2009;2009:391682.

Bekyarova, G., Tancheva, S., and Hristova, M. Protective effect of melatonin against oxidative hepatic injury after experimental thermal trauma. Methods Find.Exp.Clin.Pharmacol. 2009;31(1):11-14.

Braam, W., Smits, M. G., Didden, R., Korzilius, H., van Geijlswijk, I. M., and Curfs, L. M. Exogenous melatonin for sleep problems in individuals with intellectual disability: a meta-analysis. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 2009;51(5):340-349.

Sokullu, O., Sanioglu, S., Kurc, E., Sargin, M., Deniz, H., Tartan, Z., Aka, S. A., and Bilgen, F. Does the circadian rhythm of melatonin affect ischemia-reperfusion injury after coronary artery bypass grafting? Heart Surg.Forum 2009;12(2):E95-E99.

Wisessmith, W., Phansuwan-Pujito, P., Govitrapong, P., and Chetsawang, B. Melatonin reduces induction of Bax, caspase and cell death in methamphetamine-treated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cultured cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):433-440.

Venkataraman, P., Krishnamoorthy, G., Selvakumar, K., and Arunakaran, J. Oxidative stress alters creatine kinase system in serum and brain regions of polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254)-exposed rats: protective role of melatonin. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2009;105(2):92-97.

Kesik, V., Guven, A., Vurucu, S., Tunc, T., Uysal, B., Gundogdu, G., Oztas, E., and Korkmaz, A. Melatonin and 1400 W ameliorate both intestinal and remote organ injury following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. J.Surg.Res. 2009;157(1):e97-e105.

Baeza, I., Alvarado, C., Alvarez, P., Salazar, V., Castillo, C., Ariznavarreta, C., Fdez-Tresguerres, J. A., and De la Fuente, M. Improvement of leucocyte functions in ovariectomised aged rats after treatment with growth hormone, melatonin, oestrogens or phyto-oestrogens. J.Reprod.Immunol. 2009;80(1-2):70-79.

Aladag, M. A., Turkoz, Y., Parlakpinar, H., Ozen, H., Egri, M., and Unal, S. C. Melatonin ameliorates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoidal haemorrhage correcting imbalance of nitric oxide levels in rats. Neurochem.Res. 2009;34(11):1935-1944.

Tapias, V., Escames, G., Lopez, L. C., Lopez, A., Camacho, E., Carrion, M. D., Entrena, A., Gallo, M. A., Espinosa, A., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Melatonin and its brain metabolite N(1)-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine prevent mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase induction in parkinsonian mice. J.Neurosci.Res. 2009;87(13):3002-3010.

Jung-Hynes, B. and Ahmad, N. SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: a connection with age-related neoplasms. FASEB J. 2009;23(9):2803-2809.

Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Paredes, S. D., Mayo, J. C., and Sainz, R. M. Melatonin and reproduction revisited. Biol.Reprod. 2009;81(3):445-456.

Radogna, F., Sestili, P., Martinelli, C., Paolillo, M., Paternoster, L., Albertini, M. C., Accorsi, A., Gualandi, G., and Ghibelli, L. Lipoxygenase-mediated pro-radical effect of melatonin via stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 7-15-2009;238(2):170-177.

Gingerich, S., Wang, X., Lee, P. K., Dhillon, S. S., Chalmers, J. A., Koletar, M. M., and Belsham, D. D. The generation of an array of clonal, immortalized cell models from the rat hypothalamus: analysis of melatonin effects on kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone neurons. Neuroscience 9-15-2009;162(4):1134-1140.

Assayed, M. E. and Abd El-Aty, A. M. Protection of rat chromosomes by melatonin against gamma radiation-induced damage. Mutat.Res. 2009;677(1-2):14-20.

Huang, J. Y., Hong, Y. T., and Chuang, J. I. Fibroblast growth factor 9 prevents MPP+-induced death of dopaminergic neurons and is involved in melatonin neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro. J.Neurochem. 2009;109(5):1400-1412.

Bekyarova, G., Galunska, B., Ivanova, D., and Yankova, T. Effect of melatonin on burn-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Burns 2009;35(6):863-868.

Dauchy, R. T., Blask, D. E., Dauchy, E. M., Davidson, L. K., Tirrell, P. C., Greene, M. W., Tirrell, R. P., Hill, C. R., and Sauer, L. A. Antineoplastic effects of melatonin on a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin: melatonin receptor-mediated inhibition of signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism and growth in tissue-isolated human leiomyosarcoma xenografts. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):32-42.

Renuka, K. and Joshi, B. N. Melatonin-induced changes in ovarian function in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) held in long days and continuous light. Gen.Comp Endocrinol. 1-1-2010;165(1):42-46.

Ozdemir, F., Deniz, O., Kaynar, K., Arslan, M., Kavgaci, H., Yildiz, B., and Aydin, F. The effects of melatonin on human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2009;110(5):276-279.

Cetin, Y., Sagcan, S., Gungor, O., Ozyurtlu, N., and Uslu, B. A. Effects of CIDR-G and melatonin implants, and their combination on the efficacy of oestrus induction and fertility of Kilis goats. Reprod.Domest.Anim 2009;44(4):659-662.

Arrebola, F. A., Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., Garcia, A., Martin, R. A., and Mesa, O. Effects of annual rainfall and farm on lamb production after treatment with melatonin implants in Merino sheep: a 4-year study. N.Z.Vet.J. 2009;57(3):141-145.

Girgert, R., Hanf, V., Emons, G., and Grundker, C. Membrane-bound melatonin receptor MT1 down-regulates estrogen responsive genes in breast cancer cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):23-31.

Ganguly, K. and Swarnakar, S. Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -3 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute gastric ulcers in mice: regulation by melatonin. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):43-55.

Joo, S. S. and Yoo, Y. M. Melatonin induces apoptotic death in LNCaP cells via p38 and JNK pathways: therapeutic implications for prostate cancer. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):8-14.

Magnanou, E., Attia, J., Fons, R., Boeuf, G., and Falcon, J. The timing of the shrew: continuous melatonin treatment maintains youthful rhythmic activity in aging Crocidura russula. PLoS.One. 2009;4(6):e5904.

Gimenez, F., Stornelli, M. C., Tittarelli, C. M., Savignone, C. A., Dorna, I. V., de la Sota, R. L., and Stornelli, M. A. Suppression of estrus in cats with melatonin implants. Theriogenology 9-1-2009;72(4):493-499.

Nah, S. S., Won, H. J., Park, H. J., Ha, E., Chung, J. H., Cho, H. Y., and Baik, H. H. Melatonin inhibits human fibroblast-like synoviocyte proliferation via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase/P21(CIP1)/P27(KIP1) pathways. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):70-74.

Velarde, E., Alonso-Gomez, A. L., Azpeleta, C., Isorna, E., and Delgado, M. J. Melatonin attenuates the acetylcholine-induced contraction in isolated intestine of a teleost fish. J.Comp Physiol B 2009;179(8):951-959.

Kain, Z. N., MacLaren, J. E., Herrmann, L., Mayes, L., Rosenbaum, A., Hata, J., and Lerman, J. Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(1):44-49.

Li, Z., Nickkholgh, A., Yi, X., Bruns, H., Gross, M. L., Hoffmann, K., Mohr, E., Zorn, M., Buchler, M. W., and Schemmer, P. Melatonin protects kidney grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of NF-kB and apoptosis after experimental kidney transplantation. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):365-372.

Berlinguer, F., Leoni, G. G., Succu, S., Spezzigu, A., Madeddu, M., Satta, V., Bebbere, D., Contreras-Solis, I., Gonzalez-Bulnes, A., and Naitana, S. Exogenous melatonin positively influences follicular dynamics, oocyte developmental competence and blastocyst output in a goat model. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):383-391.

Bejarano, I., Redondo, P. C., Espino, J., Rosado, J. A., Paredes, S. D., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human myeloid HL-60 cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):392-400.

Tahan, V., Atug, O., Akin, H., Eren, F., Tahan, G., Tarcin, O., Uzun, H., Ozdogan, O., Tarcin, O., Imeryuz, N., Ozguner, F., Celikel, C., Avsar, E., and Tozun, N. Melatonin ameliorates methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):401-407.

Park, J. W., Hwang, M. S., Suh, S. I., and Baek, W. K. Melatonin down-regulates HIF-1 alpha expression through inhibition of protein translation in prostate cancer cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):415-421.

Laughlin, G. A., Loucks, A. B., and Yen, S. S. Marked augmentation of nocturnal melatonin secretion in amenorrheic athletes, but not in cycling athletes: unaltered by opioidergic or dopaminergic blockade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73(6):1321-1326.

Jang, S. S., Kim, W. D., and Park, W. Y. Melatonin exerts differential actions on X-ray radiation-induced apoptosis in normal mice splenocytes and Jurkat leukemia cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):147-155.

Shang, Y., Xu, S. P., Wu, Y., Jiang, Y. X., Wu, Z. Y., Yuan, S. Y., and Yao, S. L. Melatonin reduces acute lung injury in endotoxemic rats. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) 6-20-2009;122(12):1388-1393.

Carretero, M., Escames, G., Lopez, L. C., Venegas, C., Dayoub, J. C., Garcia, L., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Long-term melatonin administration protects brain mitochondria from aging. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):192-200.

Tsiligianni, T., Valasi, I., Cseh, S., Vainas, E., Faigl, V., Samartzi, F., Papanikolaou, T., Dovolou, E., and Amiridis, G. S. Effects of melatonin treatment on follicular development and oocyte quality in Chios ewes - short communication. Acta Vet.Hung. 2009;57(2):331-335.

Luthringer R, Muzet M, Zisapel N, Staner L. The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;24(5):239-49.

Neri, G., Baffa, C., De, Stefano A., Poliandri, A., Kulamarva, G., Di, Giovanni P., Petrucci, A. G., Castriotta, A., Citraro, L., Cerrone, D., D' Orazio, F., and Croce, A. Management of tinnitus: oral treatment with melatonin and sulodexide. J.Biol.Regul.Homeost.Agents 2009;23(2):103-110.

Paredes, S. D., Bejarano, I., Terron, M. P., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin and tryptophan counteract lipid peroxidation and modulate superoxide dismutase activity in ringdove heterophils in vivo. Effect of antigen-induced activation and age. Age (Dordr.) 2009;31(3):179-188.

Fukai, S. and Akishita, M. [Hormone replacement therapy--growth hormone, melatonin, DHEA and sex hormones]. Nihon Rinsho 2009;67(7):1396-1401.

Bazwinsky-Wutschke, I., Muhlbauer, E., Wolgast, S., and Peschke, E. Transcripts of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases are changed after forskolin- or IBMX-induced insulin secretion due to melatonin treatment of rat insulinoma beta-cells (INS-1). Horm.Metab Res. 2009;41(11):805-813.

Maciel, F. E., Ramos, B. P., Geihs, M. A., Vargas, M. A., Cruz, B. P., Meyer-Rochow, V. B., Vakkuri, O., Allodi, S., Monserrat, J. M., and Nery, L. E. Effects of melatonin in connection with the antioxidant defense system in the gills of the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata. Gen.Comp Endocrinol. 1-15-2010;165(2):229-236.

Chang, H. M., Wu, U. I., and Lan, C. T. Melatonin preserves longevity protein (sirtuin 1) expression in the hippocampus of total sleep-deprived rats. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):211-220.

Veneroso, C., Tunon, M. J., Gonzalez-Gallego, J., and Collado, P. S. Melatonin reduces cardiac inflammatory injury induced by acute exercise. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):184-191.

Samantaray, S., Das, A., Thakore, N. P., Matzelle, D. D., Reiter, R. J., Ray, S. K., and Banik, N. L. Therapeutic potential of melatonin in traumatic central nervous system injury. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):134-142.

Jung, K. H., Hong, S. W., Zheng, H. M., Lee, D. H., and Hong, S. S. Melatonin downregulates nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappaB during prevention of oxidative liver injury in a dimethylnitrosamine model. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):173-183.

Zarazaga, L. A., Gatica, M. C., Celi, I., Guzman, J. L., and Malpaux, B. Effect of melatonin implants on sexual activity in Mediterranean goat females without separation from males. Theriogenology 10-15-2009;72(7):910-918.

Terron, M. P., Delgado, J., Paredes, S. D., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., and Rodriguez, A. B. Effect of melatonin and tryptophan on humoral immunity in young and old ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria). Exp.Gerontol. 2009;44(10):653-658.

Martin, V., Garcia-Santos, G., Rodriguez-Blanco, J., Casado-Zapico, S., Sanchez-Sanchez, A., Antolin, I., Medina, M., and Rodriguez, C. Melatonin sensitizes human malignant glioma cells against TRAIL-induced cell death. Cancer Lett. 1-28-2010;287(2):216-223.

Zeman, M., Szantoova, K., Stebelova, K., Mravec, B., and Herichova, I. Effect of rhythmic melatonin administration on clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the heart of hypertensive TGR(mRen2)27 rats. J.Hypertens.Suppl 2009;27(6):S21-S26.

Reiter, R. J., Paredes, S. D., Manchester, L. C., and Tan, D. X. Reducing oxidative/nitrosative stress: a newly-discovered genre for melatonin. Crit Rev.Biochem.Mol.Biol. 2009;44(4):175-200.

Cruz, A., Tasset, I., Ramirez, L. M., Arjona, A., Segura, J., Tunez, I., Montilla, P., Muntane, J., and Padillo, F. J. Effect of melatonin on myocardial oxidative stress induced by experimental obstructive jaundice. Rev.Esp.Enferm.Dig. 2009;101(7):460-463.

Pan, L., Xu, W., Fu, J. H., and Xue, X. D. [Effect of melatonin on hyperoxia-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the lung of neonatal rats with chronic lung disease]. Zhongguo Dang.Dai Er.Ke.Za Zhi. 2009;11(7):581-584.

Alonso-Vale, M. I., Peres, S. B., Vernochet, C., Farmer, S. R., and Lima, F. B. Adipocyte differentiation is inhibited by melatonin through the regulation of C/EBPbeta transcriptional activity. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):221-227.

Sonmez, M. F., Narin, F., Akkus, D., and Ozdamar, S. Effect of melatonin and vitamin C on expression of endothelial NOS in heart of chronic alcoholic rats. Toxicol.Ind.Health 2009;25(6):385-393.

Tapias, V., Cannon, J. R., and Greenamyre, J. T. Melatonin treatment potentiates neurodegeneration in a rat rotenone Parkinson's disease model. J.Neurosci.Res. 2-1-2010;88(2):420-427.

Gomez-Moreno, G., Guardia, J., Ferrera, M. J., Cutando, A., and Reiter, R. J. Melatonin in diseases of the oral cavity. Oral Dis. 2010;16(3):242-247.

Petrosillo, G., Colantuono, G., Moro, N., Ruggiero, F. M., Tiravanti, E., Di, Venosa N., Fiore, T., and Paradies, G. Melatonin protects against heart ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Am.J.Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2009;297(4):H1487-H1493.

Pan, L., Fu, J. H., Xue, X. D., Xu, W., Zhou, P., and Wei, B. Melatonin protects against oxidative damage in a neonatal rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. World J.Pediatr. 2009;5(3):216-221.

Lin, G. J., Huang, S. H., Chen, Y. W., Hueng, D. Y., Chien, M. W., Chia, W. T., Chang, D. M., and Sytwu, H. K. Melatonin prolongs islet graft survival in diabetic NOD mice. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):284-292.

Kumar, A. and Singh, A. Possible involvement of GABAergic mechanism in protective effect of melatonin against sleep deprivation-induced behaviour modification and oxidative damage in mice. Fundam.Clin.Pharmacol. 2009;23(4):439-448.

Santello, F. H., Del Vecchio, Filipin M., Caetano, L. C., Brazao, V., Caetano, L. N., Dos Santos, C. D., Alonso Toldo, M. P., and do Prado, J. C. J. Influence of melatonin therapy and orchiectomy on T cell subsets in male Wistar rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):271-276.

Paternoster, L., Radogna, F., Accorsi, A., Cristina, Albertini M., Gualandi, G., and Ghibelli, L. Melatonin as a modulator of apoptosis in B-lymphoma cells. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2009;1171:345-349.

Kuehn, C. C., Rodrigues Oliveira, L. G., Santos, C. D., Ferreira, D. S., Alonso Toldo, M. P., de, Albuquerque S., and do Prado, J. C. J. Melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone combination: does this treatment exert a synergistic effect during experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection? J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):253-259.

Yurtcu, M., Abasiyanik, A., Bicer, S., and Avunduk, M. C. Efficacy of antioxidant treatment in the prevention of testicular atrophy in experimental testicular torsion. J.Pediatr.Surg. 2009;44(9):1754-1758.

Martinez-Campa, C., Gonzalez, A., Mediavilla, M. D., Alonso-Gonzalez, C., Alvarez-Garcia, V., Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., and Cos, S. Melatonin inhibits aromatase promoter expression by regulating cyclooxygenases expression and activity in breast cancer cells. Br.J.Cancer 11-3-2009;101(9):1613-1619.

Spuch, C., Antequera, D., Isabel Fernandez-Bachiller, M., Isabel Rodriguez-Franco, M., and Carro, E. A new tacrine-melatonin hybrid reduces amyloid burden and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurotox.Res. 2010;17(4):421-431.

Jagota, A. and Kalyani, D. Effect of melatonin on age induced changes in daily serotonin rhythms in suprachiasmatic nucleus of male Wistar rat. Biogerontology. 2010;11(3):299-308.

Izykowska, I., Gebarowska, E., Cegielski, M., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Piotrowska, A., Zabel, M., and Dziegiel, P. Effect of melatonin on melanoma cells subjected to UVA and UVB radiation in In vitro studies. In Vivo 2009;23(5):733-738.

Izykowska, I., Cegielski, M., Gebarowska, E., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Piotrowska, A., Zabel, M., and Dziegiel, P. Effect of melatonin on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts subjected to UVA and UVB radiation In vitro. In Vivo 2009;23(5):739-745.

Borah, A. and Mohanakumar, K. P. Melatonin inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine production in the brain to protect against experimental parkinsonism in rodents. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):293-300.

Cemek, M., Emin, Buyukokuroglu M., Yurumez, Y., Yavuz, Y., Aslan, A., Buyukben, A., and Aymelek, F. Tissue trace and major element levels in organophosphate insecticide fenthion (Lebaycid) toxicity in rats: prophylactic and therapeutic effect of exogenous melatonin. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf 2010;73(2):206-212.

Ersoz, N., Guven, A., Cayci, T., Uysal, B., Turk, E., Oztas, E., Akgul, E. O., Korkmaz, A., and Cetiner, S. Comparison of the efficacy of melatonin and 1400W on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: a role for inhibiting iNOS. Ren Fail. 2009;31(8):704-710.

Carbajo-Pescador, S., Martin-Renedo, J., Garcia-Palomo, A., Tunon, M. J., Mauriz, J. L., and Gonzalez-Gallego, J. Changes in the expression of melatonin receptors induced by melatonin treatment in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):330-338.

Shi, J. M., Tian, X. Z., Zhou, G. B., Wang, L., Gao, C., Zhu, S. E., Zeng, S. M., Tian, J. H., and Liu, G. S. Melatonin exists in porcine follicular fluid and improves in vitro maturation and parthenogenetic development of porcine oocytes. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):318-323.

Kim, T. H., Jung, J. A., Kim, G. D., Jang, A. H., Ahn, H. J., Park, Y. S., and Park, C. S. Melatonin inhibits the development of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):324-329.

Shieh, J. M., Wu, H. T., Cheng, K. C., and Cheng, J. T. Melatonin ameliorates high fat diet-induced diabetes and stimulates glycogen synthesis via a PKCzeta-Akt-GSK3beta pathway in hepatic cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):339-344.

Geihs, M. A., Vargas, M. A., Maciel, F. E., Caldas, S. S., Cruz, B. P., Primel, E. G., Monserrat, J. M., and Nery, L. E. Effect of melatonin in the antioxidant defense system in the locomotor muscles of the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata (Decapoda, Brachyura). Gen.Comp Endocrinol. 3-1-2010;166(1):72-82.

Franca, E. L., Feliciano, N. D., Silva, K. A., Ferrari, C. K., and Honorio-Franca, A. C. Modulatory role of melatonin on superoxide release by spleen macrophages isolated from alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2009;110(9):517-522.

Danielczyk, K. and Dziegiel, P. [MT1 melatonin receptors and their role in the oncostatic action of melatonin]. Postepy Hig.Med.Dosw.(Online.) 2009;63:425-434.

Sonmez, M. F., Narin, F., and Balcioglu, E. Melatonin and vitamin C attenuates alcohol-induced oxidative stress in aorta. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2009;105(6):410-415.

Ortega-Gutierrez, S., Lopez-Vicente, M., Lostale, F., Fuentes-Broto, L., Martinez-Ballarin, E., and Garcia, J. J. Protective effect of melatonin against mitomycin C-induced genotoxic damage in peripheral blood of rats. J.Biomed.Biotechnol. 2009;2009:791432.

Juszczak, M. and Boczek-Leszczyk, E. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activation stimulates oxytocin release from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system while melatonin inhibits this process. Brain Res.Bull. 1-15-2010;81(1):185-190.

Rechcinski, T., Trzos, E., Wierzbowska-Drabik, K., Krzeminska-Pakula, M., and Kurpesa, M. Melatonin for nondippers with coronary artery disease: assessment of blood pressure profile and heart rate variability. Hypertens.Res. 2010;33(1):56-61.

Yildirim, G., Attar, R., Ozkan, F., Kumbak, B., Ficicioglu, C., and Yesildaglar, N. The effects of letrozole and melatonin on surgically induced endometriosis in a rat model: a preliminary study. Fertil.Steril. 2010;93(6):1787-1792.

Xu, S., Zhou, Z., Zhang, L., Yu, Z., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, M., Chen, Y., Chen, C., He, M., Zhang, G., and Zhong, M. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Brain Res. 1-22-2010;1311:189-196.

Srivastava, R. K. and Krishna, A. Melatonin affects steroidogenesis and delayed ovulation during winter in vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. J.Steroid Biochem.Mol.Biol. 2010;118(1-2):107-116.

Faigl, V., Keresztes, M., Kulcsar, M., Nagy, S., Keresztes, Z., Amiridis, G. S., Solti, L., Huszenicza, G., and Cseh, S. Testicular function and semen characteristics of Awassi rams treated with melatonin out of the breeding season. Acta Vet.Hung. 2009;57(4):531-540.

Zhou, W., Wang, P., and Tao, L. Effect of melatonin on proliferation of neonatal cord blood mononuclear cells. World J.Pediatr. 2009;5(4):300-303.

Venkataraman, P., Selvakumar, K., Krishnamoorthy, G., Muthusami, S., Rameshkumar, R., Prakash, S., and Arunakaran, J. Effect of melatonin on PCB (Aroclor 1254) induced neuronal damage and changes in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase-4 mRNA expression in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of adult rats. Neurosci.Res. 2010;66(2):189-197.

Casao, A., Mendoza, N., Perez-Pe, R., Grasa, P., Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., Cebrian-Perez, J. A., and Muino-Blanco, T. Melatonin prevents capacitation and apoptotic-like changes of ram spermatozoa and increases fertility rate. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(1):39-46.

Malekinejad, H., Farshid, A. A., and Mirzakhani, N. Liquorice plant extract reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp.Toxicol.Pathol. 2011;63(1-2):125-130.

Yang, F. L., Subeq, Y. M., Lee, C. J., Lee, R. P., Peng, T. C., and Hsu, B. G. Melatonin ameliorates hemorrhagic shock-induced organ damage in rats. J.Surg.Res. 5-15-2011;167(2):e315-e321.

Murawska-Cialowicz, E., Jethon, Z., Magdalan, J., Januszewska, L., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Zawadzki, M., Sozanski, T., and Dziegiel, P. Effects of melatonin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in the liver, kidneys and brain of rats administered with benzo(a)pyrene. Exp.Toxicol.Pathol. 2011;63(1-2):97-103.

Cernysiov, V., Gerasimcik, N., Mauricas, M., and Girkontaite, I. Regulation of T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent antibody production by circadian rhythm and melatonin. Int.Immunol. 2010;22(1):25-34.

Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Xie, Y., and Zhao, W. Melatonin modulates acute testicular damage induced by carbon ions in mice. Pharmazie 2009;64(10):685-689.

Chowdhury, V. S., Yamamoto, K., Ubuka, T., Bentley, G. E., Hattori, A., and Tsutsui, K. Melatonin stimulates the release of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone by the avian hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2010;151(1):271-280.

Hamada, F., Watanabe, K., Wakatsuki, A., Nagai, R., Shinohara, K., Hayashi, Y., Imamura, R., and Fukaya, T. Therapeutic effects of maternal melatonin administration on ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative cerebral damage in neonatal rats. Neonatology. 2010;98(1):33-40.

Sadowska-Woda, I., Wojcik, N., Karowicz-Bilinska, A., and Bieszczad-Bedrejczuk, E. Effect of selected antioxidants in beta-cyfluthrin-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes in vitro. Toxicol.In Vitro 2010;24(3):879-884.

Maldonado, M. D., Mora-Santos, M., Naji, L., Carrascosa-Salmoral, M. P., Naranjo, M. C., and Calvo, J. R. Evidence of melatonin synthesis and release by mast cells. Possible modulatory role on inflammation. Pharmacol.Res. 2010;62(3):282-287.

Paul MA, Miller JC, Gray GW, et al. Melatonin treatment for eastward and westward travel preparation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010;208(3):377-86.

Song, Y. M. and Chen, M. D. Effects of melatonin administration on plasma leptin concentration and adipose tissue leptin secretion in mice. Acta Biol.Hung. 2009;60(4):399-407.

de Castro-Silva C, de Bruin VM, Cunha GM, et al. Melatonin improves sleep and reduces nitrite in the exhaled breath condensate in cystic fibrosis--a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Pineal Res 2010;48(1):65-71.

Srivastava, R. K. and Krishna, A. Melatonin modulates glucose homeostasis during winter dormancy in a vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. Comp Biochem.Physiol A Mol.Integr.Physiol 2010;155(3):392-400.

Bendz, L. M. and Scates, A. C. Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann.Pharmacother. 2010;44(1):185-191.

Nishimura, J., Saegusa, Y., Dewa, Y., Jin, M., Kawai, M., Kemmochi, S., Harada, T., Hayashi, S. M., Shibutani, M., and Mitsumori, K. Antioxidant enzymatically modified isoquercitrin or melatonin supplementation reduces oxidative stress-mediated hepatocellular tumor promotion of oxfendazole in rats. Arch.Toxicol. 2010;84(2):143-153.

Dong, W., Huang, F., Fan, W., Cheng, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Shi, H., and He, H. Differential effects of melatonin on amyloid-beta peptide 25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal neurons at different stages of culture. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):117-125.

Paulis, L., Pechanova, O., Zicha, J., Barta, A., Gardlik, R., Celec, P., Kunes, J., and Simko, F. Melatonin interactions with blood pressure and vascular function during L-NAME-induced hypertension. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):102-108.

Rahman, S. A., Kayumov, L., and Shapiro, C. M. Antidepressant action of melatonin in the treatment of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome. Sleep Med. 2010;11(2):131-136.

Hill, S. M., Frasch, T., Xiang, S., Yuan, L., Duplessis, T., and Mao, L. Molecular mechanisms of melatonin anticancer effects. Integr.Cancer Ther. 2009;8(4):337-346.

Rodella, L. F., Filippini, F., Bonomini, F., Bresciani, R., Reiter, R. J., and Rezzani, R. Beneficial effects of melatonin on nicotine-induced vasculopathy. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):126-132.

Suwanjang, W., Phansuwan-Pujito, P., Govitrapong, P., and Chetsawang, B. The protective effect of melatonin on methamphetamine-induced calpain-dependent death pathway in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cultured cells. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):94-101.

Huang, S. H., Cao, X. J., Liu, W., Shi, X. Y., and Wei, W. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on lung oxidative stress induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):109-116.

Mogulkoc, R. and Baltaci, A. K. Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma vasopressin response to different conditions in rats with hyperthyroidism induced by L-thyroxine. Regul.Pept. 4-9-2010;161(1-3):38-42.

Azpeleta, C., Martinez-Alvarez, R. M., Delgado, M. J., Isorna, E., and De, Pedro N. Melatonin reduces locomotor activity and circulating cortisol in goldfish. Horm.Behav. 2010;57(3):323-329.

Esteban, S., Garau, C., Aparicio, S., Moranta, D., Barcelo, P., Fiol, M. A., and Rial, R. Chronic melatonin treatment and its precursor L-tryptophan improve the monoaminergic neurotransmission and related behavior in the aged rat brain. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):170-177.

Kandil, T. S., Mousa, A. A., El-Gendy, A. A., and Abbas, A. M. The potential therapeutic effect of melatonin in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease. BMC.Gastroenterol. 2010;10:7.

Garcia, J. J., Pinol-Ripoll, G., Martinez-Ballarin, E., Fuentes-Broto, L., Miana-Mena, F. J., Venegas, C., Caballero, B., Escames, G., Coto-Montes, A., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Melatonin reduces membrane rigidity and oxidative damage in the brain of SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol.Aging 2011;32(11):2045-2054.

Uluocak, N., Atilgan, D., Erdemir, F., Parlaktas, B. S., Yasar, A., Erkorkmaz, U., and Akbas, A. An animal model of ischemic priapism and the effects of melatonin on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative injury parameters in rat penis. Int.Urol.Nephrol. 2010;42(4):889-895.

Tian, X. Z., Wen, Q., Shi, J. M., Liang, Wang, Zeng, S. M., Tian, J. H., Zhou, G. B., Zhu, S. E., and Liu, G. S. Effects of melatonin on in vitro development of mouse two-cell embryos cultured in HTF medium. Endocr.Res. 2010;35(1):17-23.

Hoppe, J. B., Frozza, R. L., Horn, A. P., Comiran, R. A., Bernardi, A., Campos, M. M., Battastini, A. M., and Salbego, C. Amyloid-beta neurotoxicity in organotypic culture is attenuated by melatonin: involvement of GSK-3beta, tau and neuroinflammation. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(3):230-238.

Kaur, C., Sivakumar, V., and Ling, E. A. Melatonin protects periventricular white matter from damage due to hypoxia. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(3):185-193.

Sharma, S., Haldar, C., Chaube, S. K., Laxmi, T., and Singh, S. S. Long-term melatonin administration attenuates low-LET gamma-radiation-induced lymphatic tissue injury during the reproductively active and inactive phases of Indian palm squirrels (Funambulus pennanti). Br.J.Radiol. 2010;83(986):137-151.

Dilek, M., Naziroglu, M., Baha, Oral H., Suat, Ovey, I, Kucukayaz, M., Mungan, M. T., Kara, H. Y., and Sutcu, R. Melatonin modulates hippocampus NMDA receptors, blood and brain oxidative stress levels in ovariectomized rats. J.Membr.Biol. 2010;233(1-3):135-142.

Wiktorska, J. A., Lewinski, A., Stuss, M., Nowak, D., Pietras, T., and Sewerynek, E. Effects of certain antioxidants on lipid peroxidation process in lung homogenates of L thyroxine-receiving rats. Neuro.Endocrinol.Lett. 2010;31(1):137-146.

Srinath, R., Acharya, A. B., and Thakur, S. L. Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid melatonin in periodontal health and disease. J.Periodontol. 2010;81(2):277-283.

Espino, J., Bejarano, I., Ortiz, A., Lozano, G. M., Garcia, J. F., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin as a potential tool against oxidative damage and apoptosis in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Fertil.Steril. 2010;94(5):1915-1917.

Guo, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, X., and Duan, Q. Melatonin protects N2a against ischemia/reperfusion injury through autophagy enhancement. J.Huazhong.Univ Sci.Technolog.Med.Sci. 2010;30(1):1-7.

Zaouali, M. A., Ben, Abdennebi H., Padrissa-Altes, S., Mahfoudh-Boussaid, A., and Rosello-Catafau, J. Pharmacological strategies against cold ischemia reperfusion injury. Expert.Opin.Pharmacother. 2010;11(4):537-555.

Fang, Q., Chen, G., Zhu, W., Dong, W., and Wang, Z. Influence of melatonin on cerebrovascular proinflammatory mediators expression and oxidative stress following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. Mediators.Inflamm. 2009;426346.

Pedrosa, A. M., Weinlich, R., Mognol, G. P., Robbs, B. K., Viola, J. P., Campa, A., and Amarante-Mendes, G. P. Melatonin protects CD4+ T cells from activation-induced cell death by blocking NFAT-mediated CD95 ligand upregulation. J.Immunol. 4-1-2010;184(7):3487-3494.

Borazan, H., Tuncer, S., Yalcin, N., Erol, A., and Otelcioglu, S. Effects of preoperative oral melatonin medication on postoperative analgesia, sleep quality, and sedation in patients undergoing elective prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial. J.Anesth. 2010;24(2):155-160.

Akmali, M., Ahmadi, R., and Vessal, M. Pre- and post-treatment of streptozocin administered rats with melatonin: effects on some hepatic enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Arch.Iran Med. 2010;13(2):105-110.

Serfaty, M. A., Osborne, D., Buszewicz, M. J., Blizard, R., and Raven, P. W. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of treatment as usual plus exogenous slow-release melatonin (6 mg) or placebo for sleep disturbance and depressed mood. Int.Clin.Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(3):132-142.

Gonzalez, A., Martinez-Campa, C., Mediavilla, M. D., Alonso-Gonzalez, C., Alvarez-Garcia, V., Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., and Cos, S. Inhibitory effects of melatonin on sulfatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and expression in glioma cells. Oncol.Rep. 2010;23(4):1173-1178.

Espino, J., Bejarano, I., Paredes, S. D., Gonzalez, D., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin counteracts alterations in oxidative metabolism and cell viability induced by intracellular calcium overload in human leucocytes: changes with age. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2010;107(1):590-597.

Park, K., Lee, Y., Park, S., Lee, S., Hong, Y., Kil, Lee S., and Hong, Y. Synergistic effect of melatonin on exercise-induced neuronal reconstruction and functional recovery in a spinal cord injury animal model. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(3):270-281.

Whittom, S., Dumont, M., Petit, D., Desautels, A., Adam, B., Lavigne, G., and Montplaisir, J. Effects of melatonin and bright light administration on motor and sensory symptoms of RLS. Sleep Med. 2010;11(4):351-355.

Elkhayat, H. A., Hassanein, S. M., Tomoum, H. Y., Abd-Elhamid, I. A., Asaad, T., and Elwakkad, A. S. Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy. Pediatr.Neurol. 2010;42(4):249-254.

Brivio, F., Fumagalli, L., Fumagalli, G., Pescia, S., Brivio, R., DI, Fede G., Rovelli, F., and Lissoni, P. Synchronization of cortisol circadian rhythm by the pineal hormone melatonin in untreatable metastatic solid tumor patients and its possible prognostic significance on tumor progression. In Vivo 2010;24(2):239-241.

Garrido, M., Paredes, S. D., Cubero, J., Lozano, M., Toribio-Delgado, A. F., Munoz, J. L., Reiter, R. J., Barriga, C., and Rodriguez, A. B. Jerte Valley cherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in the urine of middle-aged and elderly humans. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 2010;65(9):909-914.

Kunz, D. and Mahlberg, R. A two-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exogenous melatonin in REM sleep behaviour disorder. J.Sleep Res. 2010;19(4):591-596.

Baeza, I., Fdez-Tresguerres, J., Ariznavarreta, C., and De la Fuente, M. Effects of growth hormone, melatonin, oestrogens and phytoestrogens on the oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/reduced glutathione (GSH) ratio and lipid peroxidation in aged ovariectomized rats. Biogerontology. 2010;11(6):687-701.

Braam, W., van, Geijlswijk, I, Keijzer, H., Smits, M. G., Didden, R., and Curfs, L. M. Loss of response to melatonin treatment is associated with slow melatonin metabolism. J.Intellect.Disabil.Res. 2010;54(6):547-555.

Zaslavskaia, R. M., Shcherban', E. A., Lilitsa, G. V., and Logvinenko, S. I. [Melatonin in the combined treatment of cardiovascular diseases]. Klin.Med.(Mosk) 2010;88(3):26-30.

Kucukakin, B., Wilhelmsen, M., Lykkesfeldt, J., Reiter, R. J., Rosenberg, J., and Gogenur, I. No effect of melatonin to modify surgical-stress response after major vascular surgery: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur.J.Vasc.Endovasc.Surg. 2010;40(4):461-467.

van Geijlswijk, I. M., van der Heijden, K. B., Egberts, A. C., Korzilius, H. P., and Smits, M. G. Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010;212(3):379-391.

Strassman, R. J., Qualls, C. R., Lisansky, E. J., and Peake, G. T. Sleep deprivation reduces LH secretion in men independently of melatonin. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1991;124(6):646-651.

Mrowicka, M., Garncarek, P., Miller, E., Kedziora, J., Smigielski, J., Malinowska, K., and Mrowicki, J. [Effect of melatonin on activity of superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) in erythrocytes of patients during short- and long-term hypokinesis]. Wiad.Lek. 2010;63(1):3-9.

Rizzo, P., Raffone, E., and Benedetto, V. Effect of the treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid plus melatonin in comparison with a treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid on oocyte quality and pregnancy outcome in IVF cycles. A prospective, clinical trial. Eur.Rev.Med.Pharmacol.Sci. 2010;14(6):555-561.

Wade AG, Ford I, Crawford G, et al. Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety. BMC Med 2010;8:51.

Cook, J. S. and Ray, C. A. Melatonin attenuates the vestibulosympathetic but not vestibulocollic reflexes in humans: selective impairment of the utricles. J.Appl.Physiol 2010;109(6):1697-1701.

Al-Aama, T., Brymer, C., Gutmanis, I., Woolmore-Goodwin, S. M., Esbaugh, J., and Dasgupta, M. Melatonin decreases delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2011;26(7):687-694.

Kucukakin, B., Klein, M., Lykkesfeldt, J., Reiter, R. J., Rosenberg, J., and Gogenur, I. No effect of melatonin on oxidative stress after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol.Scand. 2010;54(9):1121-1127.

Vigore, L., Messina, G., Brivio, F., Fumagalli, L., Rovelli, F., DI, Fede G., and Lissoni, P. Psychoneuroendocrine modulation of regulatory T lymphocyte system: in vivo and in vitro effects of the pineal immunomodulating hormone melatonin. In Vivo 2010;24(5):787-789.

Alstadhaug, K. B., Odeh, F., Salvesen, R., and Bekkelund, S. I. Prophylaxis of migraine with melatonin: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 10-26-2010;75(17):1527-1532.

Uberos, J., Augustin-Morales, M. C., Molina, Carballo A., Florido, J., Narbona, E., and Munoz-Hoyos, A. Normalization of the sleep-wake pattern and melatonin and 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin levels after a therapeutic trial with melatonin in children with severe epilepsy. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(2):192-196.

Cichoz-Lach, H., Celinski, K., Konturek, P. C., Konturek, S. J., and Slomka, M. The effects of L-tryptophan and melatonin on selected biochemical parameters in patients with steatohepatitis. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61(5):577-580.

de, Jonghe A., Korevaar, J. C., van Munster, B. C., and de Rooij, S. E. Effectiveness of melatonin treatment on circadian rhythm disturbances in dementia. Are there implications for delirium? A systematic review. Int.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2010;25(12):1201-1208.

Wade, A. G., Crawford, G., Ford, I., McConnachie, A., Nir, T., Laudon, M., and Zisapel, N. Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response. Curr.Med.Res.Opin. 2011;27(1):87-98.

Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Abreu-Gonzalez, P., Jimenez-Sosa, A., Avanzas, P., Bosa-Ojeda, F., and Kaski, J. C. Usefulness of intraplatelet melatonin levels to predict angiographic no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am.J.Cardiol. 12-1-2010;106(11):1540-1544.

van Geijlswijk, I. M., Korzilius, H. P., and Smits, M. G. The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis. Sleep 2010;33(12):1605-1614.

Kozirog, M., Poliwczak, A. R., Duchnowicz, P., Koter-Michalak, M., Sikora, J., and Broncel, M. Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(3):261-266.

Cook, J. S., Sauder, C. L., and Ray, C. A. Melatonin differentially affects vascular blood flow in humans. Am.J.Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2011;300(2):H670-H674.

Hussain, S. A., Al-Khalifa, I. I., Jasim, N. A., and Gorial, F. I. Adjuvant use of melatonin for treatment of fibromyalgia. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(3):267-271.

Gonciarz, M., Gonciarz, Z., Bielanski, W., Mularczyk, A., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., and Konturek, S. J. The pilot study of 3-month course of melatonin treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: effect on plasma levels of liver enzymes, lipids and melatonin. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61(6):705-710.

Ozcengiz, D., Gunes, Y., and Ozmete, O. Oral melatonin, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam for prevention of postoperative agitation in children. J.Anesth. 2011;25(2):184-188.

Celinski, K., Konturek, S. J., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., Cichoz-Lach, H., Slomka, M., Malgorzata, P., Bielanski, W., and Reiter, R. J. Melatonin or L-tryptophan accelerates healing of gastroduodenal ulcers in patients treated with omeprazole. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(4):389-394.

Guenole, F., Godbout, R., Nicolas, A., Franco, P., Claustrat, B., and Baleyte, J. M. Melatonin for disordered sleep in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: systematic review and discussion. Sleep Med.Rev. 2011;15(6):379-387.

El-Batch, M., Hassan, A. M., and Mahmoud, H. A. Taurine is more effective than melatonin on cytochrome P450 2E1 and some oxidative stress markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Agric.Food Chem 5-11-2011;59(9):4995-5000.

Nickkholgh, A., Schneider, H., Sobirey, M., Venetz, W. P., Hinz, U., Pelzl, le H., Gotthardt, D. N., Cekauskas, A., Manikas, M., Mikalauskas, S., Mikalauskene, L., Bruns, H., Zorn, M., Weigand, M. A., Buchler, M. W., and Schemmer, P. The use of high-dose melatonin in liver resection is safe: first clinical experience. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(4):381-388.

Chahbouni, M., Escames, G., Lopez, L. C., Sevilla, B., Doerrier, C., Munoz-Hoyos, A., Molina-Carballo, A., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Melatonin treatment counteracts the hyperoxidative status in erythrocytes of patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin.Biochem. 2011;44(10-11):853-858.

Rossignol, D. A. and Frye, R. E. Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 2011;53(9):783-792.

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